Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer (1817)
Named by
Friedrich Stromeyer (1817)
Isotopes of cadmium
v
e
Main isotopes[6]
Decay
abundance
half-life (t1/2)
mode
product
106Cd
1.25%
stable
107Cd
synth
6.5 h
ε
107Ag
108Cd
0.89%
stable
109Cd
synth
462.6 d
ε
109Ag
110Cd
12.5%
stable
111Cd
12.8%
stable
112Cd
24.1%
stable
113Cd
12.2%
7.7×1015 y
β−
113In
113mCd
synth
14.1 y
β−
113In
IT
113Cd
114Cd
28.8%
stable
115Cd
synth
53.46 h
β−
115In
116Cd
7.51%
3.1×1019 y
β−β−
116Sn
Category: Cadmium
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Cadmium is a chemical element; it has symbol Cd and atomic number 48. This soft, silvery-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. Like zinc, it demonstrates oxidation state +2 in most of its compounds, and like mercury, it has a lower melting point than the transition metals in groups 3 through 11. Cadmium and its congeners in group 12 are often not considered transition metals, in that they do not have partly filled d or f electron shells in the elemental or common oxidation states. The average concentration of cadmium in Earth's crust is between 0.1 and 0.5 parts per million (ppm). It was discovered in 1817 simultaneously by Stromeyer and Hermann, both in Germany, as an impurity in zinc carbonate.
Cadmium occurs as a minor component in most zinc ores and is a byproduct of zinc production. Cadmium was used for a long time[when?] as a corrosion-resistant plating on steel, and cadmium compounds are used as red, orange, and yellow pigments, to color glass, and to stabilize plastic. Cadmium use is generally decreasing because it is toxic (it is specifically listed in the European Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive[7]) and nickel–cadmium batteries have been replaced with nickel–metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries. One of its few new uses is in cadmium telluride solar panels.
Although cadmium has no known biological function in higher organisms, a cadmium-dependent carbonic anhydrase has been found in marine diatoms.
^"Standard Atomic Weights: Cadmium". CIAAW. 2013.
^Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ abcdArblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
^Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics(PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
^Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
^Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^Morrow, H. (2010). "Cadmium and Cadmium Alloys". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–36. doi:10.1002/0471238961.0301041303011818.a01.pub3. ISBN 978-0-471-23896-6.
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Cadmium is a chemical element; it has symbol Cd and atomic number 48. This soft, silvery-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals...
Cadmium pigments are a class of pigments that contain cadmium. Most of the cadmium produced worldwide has been for use in rechargeable nickel–cadmium...
Cadmium is a naturally occurring toxic metal with common exposure in industrial workplaces, plant soils, and from smoking. Due to its low permissible...
Cadmium sulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula CdS. Cadmium sulfide is a yellow salt. It occurs in nature with two different crystal structures...
Naturally occurring cadmium (48Cd) is composed of 8 isotopes. For two of them, natural radioactivity was observed, and three others are predicted to be...
Cadmium telluride (CdTe) is a stable crystalline compound formed from cadmium and tellurium. It is mainly used as the semiconducting material in cadmium...
composite electroplating. Cadmium plating is under scrutiny because of the environmental toxicity of the cadmium metal. Cadmium plating is widely used in...
maximum levels of cadmium in foodstuffs Text with EEA relevance Nieburg O (15 September 2016). "Killing at source: How to avoid cadmium and lead in chocolate"...
plutonium. Their compositions include chemical elements such as boron, cadmium, silver, hafnium, or indium, that are capable of absorbing many neutrons...
Cadmium chloride is a white crystalline compound of cadmium and chloride, with the formula CdCl2. This salt is a hygroscopic solid that is highly soluble...
Cadmium oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula CdO. It is one of the main precursors to other cadmium compounds. It crystallizes in a cubic rocksalt...
a limit for cadmium in foods or health products, the state of California has established a maximum allowable daily level of oral cadmium exposure of 4...
Cadmium chromate is the inorganic compound with the formula CdCrO4. It is relevant to chromate conversion coating, which is used to passivate common metal...
Cadmium nitride is a nitride of cadmium with the chemical formula Cd3N2. Cadmium nitride can be produced by thermal decomposition of cadmium amide at 180 °C:...
of cadmium. According to a Consumer Reports study in 2022, several dark chocolate products were found to contain high levels of lead and cadmium when...
Cadmium tungstate (CdWO4 or CWO), the cadmium salt of tungstic acid, is a dense, chemically inert solid which is used as a scintillation crystal to detect...
Cadmium acetate is the chemical compound with the formula Cd(O2CCH3)2(H2O)2. The compound is marketed both as the anhydrous form and as a dihydrate, both...
observed in nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries that causes them to hold less charge. It describes the situation in which nickel-cadmium batteries gradually...
Cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaics is a photovoltaic (PV) technology based on the use of cadmium telluride in a thin semiconductor layer designed to...
Cadmium selenide is an inorganic compound with the formula CdSe. It is a black to red-black solid that is classified as a II-VI semiconductor of the n-type...
group of chemical elements in the periodic table. It includes zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and copernicium (Cn). Formerly this group was named...
to contain carbonic anhydrase with a cadmium ion in place of zinc. Previously, it had been believed that cadmium was a toxic metal with no biological...
audio signal compression. Photoresistors come in many types. Inexpensive cadmium sulfide (CdS) cells can be found in many consumer items such as camera...
H-shaped glass vessel with the cadmium amalgam in one leg and the pure mercury in the other. Electrical connections to the cadmium amalgam and the mercury are...
Oxalate (systematic IUPAC name: ethanedioate) is an anion with the chemical formula formula C2O2−4. This dianion is colorless. It occurs naturally, including...
States Army Chemical Corps operation which dispersed microscopic zinc cadmium sulfide (ZnCdS) particles over much of the United States and Canada in...