CZTS information

CZTS
	; CZTS crystal structure. Orange: Cu, grey: Zn/Fe, blue: Sn, yellow: S.
Names
	Other names copper zinc tin sulfide
Identifiers
CAS Number	12158-89-3;
Properties
Chemical formula	Cu2ZnSnS4
Molar mass	439.471 g/mol
Appearance	Greenish black crystals
Density	4.56 g/cm3
Melting point	990 °C (1,810 °F; 1,260 K)
Band gap	1.4–1.5 eV
Structure
Crystal structure	Tetragonal
Lattice constant	a = 0.5435 nm, c = 1.0843 nm, Z = 2
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS) is a quaternary semiconducting compound which has received increasing interest since the late 2000s for applications in thin film solar cells. The class of related materials includes other I₂-II-IV-VI₄ such as copper zinc tin selenide (CZTSe) and the sulfur-selenium alloy CZTSSe. CZTS offers favorable optical and electronic properties similar to CIGS (copper indium gallium selenide), making it well suited for use as a thin-film solar cell absorber layer, but unlike CIGS (or other thin films such as CdTe), CZTS is composed of only abundant and non-toxic elements. Concerns with the price and availability of indium in CIGS and tellurium in CdTe, as well as toxicity of cadmium have been a large motivator to search for alternative thin film solar cell materials. The power conversion efficiency of CZTS is still considerably lower than CIGS and CdTe, with laboratory cell records of 11.0 % for CZTS and 12.6 % for CZTSSe as of 2019^[update].^[5]

^ ^a ^b Guen, L.; Glaunsinger, W.S. (1980). "Electrical, magnetic, and EPR studies of the quaternary chalcogenides Cu₂A^IIB^IVX₄ prepared by iodine transport". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 35 (1): 10–21. Bibcode:1980JSSCh..35...10G. doi:10.1016/0022-4596(80)90457-0.
^ Ichimura, Masaya; Nakashima, Yuki (2009). "Analysis of Atomic and Electronic Structures of Cu₂ZnSnS₄ Based on First-Principle Calculation". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 48 (9): 090202. Bibcode:2009JaJAP..48i0202I. doi:10.1143/JJAP.48.090202. S2CID 97102555.
^ Katagiri, Hironori; Saitoh, Kotoe; Washio, Tsukasa; Shinohara, Hiroyuki; Kurumadani, Tomomi; Miyajima, Shinsuke (2001). "Development of thin film solar cell based on Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin films". Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 65 (1–4): 141–148. doi:10.1016/S0927-0248(00)00088-X.
^ Matsushita, H.; Ichikawa, T.; Katsui, A. (2005). "Structural, thermodynamical and optical properties of Cu₂-II-IV-VI₄ quaternary compounds". Journal of Materials Science. 40 (8): 2003–2005. Bibcode:2005JMatS..40.2003M. doi:10.1007/s10853-005-1223-5. S2CID 100713002.
^ Grini, Sigbjørn (2019). Band gap grading and impurities in Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cells (PhD thesis). University of Oslo.

[str-1] Guen, L.; Glaunsinger, W.S. (1980). "Electrical, magnetic, and EPR studies of the quaternary chalcogenides Cu₂A^IIB^IVX₄ prepared by iodine transport". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 35 (1): 10–21. Bibcode:1980JSSCh..35...10G. doi:10.1016/0022-4596(80)90457-0.

[2] Ichimura, Masaya; Nakashima, Yuki (2009). "Analysis of Atomic and Electronic Structures of Cu₂ZnSnS₄ Based on First-Principle Calculation". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 48 (9): 090202. Bibcode:2009JaJAP..48i0202I. doi:10.1143/JJAP.48.090202. S2CID 97102555.

[3] Katagiri, Hironori; Saitoh, Kotoe; Washio, Tsukasa; Shinohara, Hiroyuki; Kurumadani, Tomomi; Miyajima, Shinsuke (2001). "Development of thin film solar cell based on Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin films". Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 65 (1–4): 141–148. doi:10.1016/S0927-0248(00)00088-X.

[4] Matsushita, H.; Ichikawa, T.; Katsui, A. (2005). "Structural, thermodynamical and optical properties of Cu₂-II-IV-VI₄ quaternary compounds". Journal of Materials Science. 40 (8): 2003–2005. Bibcode:2005JMatS..40.2003M. doi:10.1007/s10853-005-1223-5. S2CID 100713002.

[5] Grini, Sigbjørn (2019). Band gap grading and impurities in Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cells (PhD thesis). University of Oslo.

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Names
CZTS crystal structure. Orange: Cu, grey: Zn/Fe, blue: Sn, yellow: S.
Other names copper zinc tin sulfide
Identifiers
CAS Number	12158-89-3
Properties
Chemical formula	Cu₂ZnSnS₄
Molar mass	439.471 g/mol
Appearance	Greenish black crystals
Density	4.56 g/cm³^[1]
Melting point	990 °C (1,810 °F; 1,260 K)^[4]
Band gap	1.4–1.5 eV^[2]^[3]
Structure
Crystal structure	Tetragonal^[1]
Lattice constant	a = 0.5435 nm, c = 1.0843 nm, Z = 2
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references