Nasal: 60-70%, Sublingual/Buccal 25%-35%. PO < OR= to 10%. * Try to use IN route best used out of the hospital setting or both choices. has longer duration of action ~ 5 hours. IV 2-4 hours. Avoid oral route unless stronger advised by a physician.
Butorphanol is a morphinan-type synthetic agonist–antagonist opioid analgesic developed by Bristol-Myers.[2][3][4][5][6] Butorphanol is most closely structurally related to levorphanol. Butorphanol is available as the tartrate salt in injectable, tablet, and intranasal spray formulations. The tablet form is only used in dogs, cats and horses due to low bioavailability in humans.
It was patented in 1971 and approved for medical use in 1979.[7]
^Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
^US 3819635, "14-hydroxymorphinan derivatives."
^US 3775414, "Process for the preparation of 14-hydroxymorphinan derivatives."
^Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 200–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.
^Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. January 2000. pp. 154–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1.
^Morton IK, Hall JM (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 58–. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1.
^Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 529. ISBN 978-3-527-60749-5.
Butorphanol is a morphinan-type synthetic agonist–antagonist opioid analgesic developed by Bristol-Myers. Butorphanol is most closely structurally related...
other domestic cat breeds, including hybrids; ketamine, medetomidine, butorphanol, and atipamezole antagonist have all been found safe for use in servals...
more pharmacologically potent than the mixed opioid agonist/antagonist butorphanol on an "antagonist index" scale which quantitates the drug's ability to...
Fuller A, Hofmeyr M, Buss P, Miller M, Haw A (October 2018). "Use of butorphanol and diprenorphine to counter respiratory impairment in the immobilised...
(the active constituent of the hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum), butorphanol and pentazocine, μ-opioid receptor antagonists such as naltrexone and...
non-narcotic analgesic Butorphanol. Butorphanol was found to have over five times the potency of morphine with far fewer side effects. Butorphanol is often used...
This adverse effect, incidence 1–2%, limits their use. Pentazocine and butorphanol fall under this opioid class. There is evidence that cannabinoids are...
used alongside other sedative or analgesic drugs such as ketamine or butorphanol. Yohimbine can be used as an antidote to rapidly reverse the effects...
anesthesia, medetomidine is often used in combinations with opioids (butorphanol, buprenorphine etc.) as premedication (before a general anesthetic) in...
sensitivity or adverse reactions to many drugs, including acepromazine, butorphanol, doxorubicin, erythromycin, ivermectin, loperamide, milbemycin, moxidectin...
cardiorespiratory effects of diazepam-butorphanol-ketamine, acepromazine-butorphanol-ketamine, and xylazine-butorphanol-ketamine in ferrets". Journal of the...
Archived 18 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine Part IV, Looking Beyond Butorphanol, Sep 2006, Veterinary Anesthesia & Analgesia Support Group. For off-label...
oxycodone, oxymorphone, nalbuphine, naloxone, naltrexone, buprenorphine, butorphanol and etorphine. Thebaine is controlled under international law, is listed...
BX, Song ZM, Wang K, Zhang H, Xu FY, Zou Z, Shi XY (September 2013). "Butorphanol prevents morphine-induced pruritus without increasing pain and other...
and are frequently used for post-operative pain relief: Buprenorphine Butorphanol Diamorphine, also known as heroin, not available for use as an analgesic...
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