British and American movements during the Chesapeake Campaign in 1814Admiralty House in Bermuda, where the British attack was planned
The Burning of Washington, also known as the Capture of Washington, was a successful British amphibious attack conducted by Rear-Admiral George Cockburn during Admiral Sir John Warren's Chesapeake campaign. It was the only time since the American Revolutionary War that a foreign power had captured and occupied a United States capital. Following the defeat of American forces at the Battle of Bladensburg on August 24, 1814, a British army led by Major-General Robert Ross marched on Washington, D.C. That evening, British soldiers and sailors set fire to multiple public buildings; including the Presidential Mansion, United States Capitol, and Washington Navy Yard.[5]
The attack was in part a retaliation for prior American actions in British-held Upper Canada, in which U.S. forces had burned and looted York the previous year and had then burnt large portions of Port Dover.[6] Less than four days after the attack began, a heavy thunderstorm, possibly a hurricane and a tornado, extinguished the fires and caused further destruction. The British occupation of Washington, D.C. lasted for roughly 26 hours.[7]
President James Madison, along with his administration and several military officials, evacuated and were able to find refuge for the night in Brookeville, a small town in Montgomery County, Maryland; President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley, a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville. Bentley's house, known today as the Madison House, still exists.
^"Burning of Washington, D.C.; Chesapeake Campaign". The War of 1812. genealogy, Inc. Archived from the original on May 21, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
^"On this day, the British set fire to Washington, D.C." National Constitution Center. August 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 3, 2021. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
^"The tornado that stopped the burning of Washington". National Constitution Center. August 25, 2015. Archived from the original on October 11, 2018. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
^Good, Cassandra (December 8, 2016). "The Sole American Killed in the 1814 Burning of D.C. Was Related to George Washington". Smithsonian. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISSN 0037-7333. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
^"The White House at War: The White House Burns: The War of 1812". White House Historical Association. Archived from the original on December 24, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
^Greenpan, Jesse (August 22, 2014). "The British Burn Washington, D.C., 200 Years Ago". History.com. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^Cite error: The named reference ReferenceA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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