War of 1812 information

War of 1812
	Part of the Sixty Years' War and ; related to the Napoleonic Wars
	; Clockwise from top: Damage to the United States Capitol after the burning of Washington; Mortally wounded Isaac Brock spurs on the York Volunteers at the battle of Queenston Heights; USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere; The death of Tecumseh in 1813; Andrew Jackson defeats the British assault on New Orleans in 1815;
Date	18 June 1812 – 17 February 1815; (2 years, 7 months, 4 weeks and 2 days)
Location	North America; Atlantic Ocean; Pacific Ocean; ;
Result	Inconclusive
Territorial; changes	Anglo–American status quo ante bellum; Spanish control over West Florida weakened and Mobile territory claimed; Tecumseh's confederacy decisively defeated and dissolved;
Belligerents
United StatesAllies: Choctaw; Cherokee; Lower Creek; Seneca (in 1813);	United Kingdom Upper Canada; Lower Canada; Allies: Tecumseh's Confederacy; Pro-British Sauk; Pro-British Potawatomi; Pro-British Wyandot; Pro-British Dakota; Pro-British Ojibwe; Caughnawaga Mohawk; Red Sticks; Pro-British Menominee; Pro-British Winnebago; Six Nations of the Grand River; Spain (from 1813);
Commanders and leaders
James Madison; Henry Dearborn; John Rodgers; Stephen Decatur; Andrew Jackson; William Henry Harrison; William Hull	Philip Broke ; George Prévost; Isaac Brock †; Robert Ross †; George Downie †; Tecumseh †
Strength
United States United States Army: 7,000 (at war's start); 35,800 (at war's end); United States Rangers: 3,049; Militia: 458,463*; ; United States Marines; United States Navy and United States Revenue Cutter Service (at war's start) Frigates: 12; Other vessels: 14; ; ; Privateers: 515 ships; Allies 125 Choctaw;	United Kingdom British Army: 5,200 (at war's start); 48,160 (at war's end); ; Militia: 4,000; Royal Marines; Royal Navy Ships of the line: 11; Frigates: 34; Other vessels: 52; ; Provincial Marine ‡; (at war's start) Ships: 9; ; ; Allies Native American allies: 10,000–15,000;
Casualties and losses
United States: 2,200 killed in action; 5,200 died of disease; Up to 15,000 deaths from all causes; 4,505 wounded; 20,000 captured; 8 frigates captured or burned; 1,400 merchant ships captured; 278 privateers captured; 4,000 slaves escaped or freed; ;	United Kingdom: 2,700 died in combat or disease; 10,000 died from all causes; 15,500 captured; 4 frigates captured; ~1,344 merchant ships captured (373 recaptured); ; Allies Indigenous allies: 10,000 dead from all causes (warriors and civilians); Unknown captured; ; Spain: <20 casualties; ;
	* Some militias operated only in their own regions; † Killed in action; ‡ A locally raised coastal protection and semi-naval force on the Great Lakes;

The War of 1812 was fought by the United States and its allies against the United Kingdom and its allies in North America. It began when the United States declared war on Britain on 18 June 1812. Although peace terms were agreed upon in the December 1814 Treaty of Ghent, the war did not officially end until the peace treaty was ratified by the United States Congress on 17 February 1815.^[10]^[11]

Anglo-American tensions originated in long-standing differences over territorial expansion in North America and British support for Tecumseh's confederacy, which resisted U.S. colonial settlement in the Old Northwest. These escalated in 1807 after the Royal Navy began enforcing tighter restrictions on American trade with France and impressed sailors who were originally British subjects, even those who had acquired American citizenship.^[12] Opinion in the U.S. was split on how to respond, and although majorities in both the House and Senate voted for war, they divided along strict party lines, with the Democratic-Republican Party in favour and the Federalist Party against.^[d]^[13] News of British concessions made in an attempt to avoid war did not reach the U.S. until late July, by which time the conflict was already underway.

At sea, the Royal Navy imposed an effective blockade on U.S. maritime trade, while between 1812 and 1814 British regulars and colonial militia defeated a series of American invasions on Upper Canada.^[14] The abdication of Napoleon in 1814 allowed the British to send additional forces to North America and reinforce the Royal Navy blockade, crippling the American economy.^[15] In August 1814, negotiations began in Ghent, with both sides wanting peace; the British economy had been severely impacted by the trade embargo, while the Federalists convened the Hartford Convention in December to formalize their opposition to the war.

In August 1814, British troops captured Washington, before American victories at Baltimore and Plattsburgh in September ended fighting in the north. In the Southeastern United States, American forces and Indian allies defeated an anti-American faction of the Muscogee. In early 1815, American troops repulsed a major British attack on New Orleans, which occurred during the ratification process of the signing of Treaty of Ghent, which brought an end to the conflict.^[16]

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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Clodfelter 2017, p. 245.
^ Allen 1996, p. 121.
^ ^a ^b Clodfelter 2017, p. 244.
^ ^a ^b ^c Stagg 2012, p. 156.
^ Hickey 2006, p. 297.
^ Leland 2010, p. 2.
^ Tucker et al. 2012, p. 311.
^ Hickey 2012n.
^ Weiss 2013.
^ Order of the Senate of the United States 1828, pp. 619–620.
^ Carr 1979, p. 276.
^ Hickey 1989, p. 44.
^ Hickey 1989, pp. 32, 42–43.
^ Greenspan 2018.
^ Benn 2002, pp. 56–57.
^ "The Senate Approves for Ratification the Treaty of Ghent". U.S. Senate. Retrieved 3 January 2024.

[FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017245-2] Clodfelter 2017, p. 245.

[FOOTNOTEAllen1996121-3] Allen 1996, p. 121.

[FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017244-4] Clodfelter 2017, p. 244.

[FOOTNOTEStagg2012156-5] Stagg 2012, p. 156.

[FOOTNOTEHickey2006297-6] Hickey 2006, p. 297.

[FOOTNOTELeland20102-7] Leland 2010, p. 2.

[FOOTNOTETucker_et_al.2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhVSrJBQYAk8CpgPA311_311]-8] Tucker et al. 2012, p. 311.

[FOOTNOTEHickey2012n-9] Hickey 2012n.

[FOOTNOTEWeiss2013-10] Weiss 2013.

[FOOTNOTEOrder_of_the_Senate_of_the_United_States1828619–620-13] Order of the Senate of the United States 1828, pp. 619–620.

[FOOTNOTECarr1979276-14] Carr 1979, p. 276.

[FOOTNOTEHickey198944-15] Hickey 1989, p. 44.

[FOOTNOTEHickey198932,_42–43-17] Hickey 1989, pp. 32, 42–43.

[FOOTNOTEGreenspan2018-18] Greenspan 2018.

[FOOTNOTEBenn200256–57-19] Benn 2002, pp. 56–57.

[20] "The Senate Approves for Ratification the Treaty of Ghent". U.S. Senate. Retrieved 3 January 2024.

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