Brood reduction occurs when the number of nestlings in a birds brood is reduced, usually because there is a limited amount of resources available. It can occur directly via infanticide, or indirectly via competition over resources between siblings.[1] Avian parents often produce more offspring than they can care for, resulting in the death of some of the nestlings. Brood reduction was originally described by David Lack in his brood-reduction hypothesis to explain the existence of hatching asynchrony in many bird species.[2]
Bird nest in which hatching asynchrony is occurring.
Hatching asynchrony occurs when the parents start incubating their eggs before all of them have been laid.[3] If resources are limited, it benefits the parents to allow brood reduction, because it reduces the amount of work they must do and increases their chances of surviving and reproducing again in future years.[3]
Brood reduction has been observed in many avian species including seabirds such as black-legged kittiwakes,[4][5] birds of prey such as Swainson's hawk[6] and several eagle species,[7] and songbirds including black-billed magpies[8] and house wrens.[9]
^Cite error: The named reference Anderson 1995 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abMock, Douglas W.; Forbes, L. Scott (1994). "Life-History Consequences of Avian Brood Reduction". The Auk. 111 (1): 115–123. doi:10.2307/4088510. JSTOR 4088510.
^Giudici, Paula I.; Quintana, Flavio; Svagelj, Walter S. (2017). "The Role of Hatching Asynchrony in a Seabird Species Exhibiting Obligate Brood Reduction". Waterbirds. 40 (3): 221–232. doi:10.1675/063.040.0304. hdl:11336/56666. ISSN 1524-4695.
^Braun, Barbara M.; Hunt, George L. (1983). "Brood Reduction in Black-Legged Kittiwakes". The Auk. 100 (2): 469–476. doi:10.1093/auk/100.2.469. JSTOR 4086541.
^Bechard, Marc J. (1983). "Food Supply and the Occurrence of Brood Reduction in Swainson's Hawk". The Wilson Bulletin. 95 (2): 233–242. JSTOR 4161753.
^Edwards, Thomas C.; Collopy, Michael W. (1983). "Obligate and Facultative Brood Reduction in Eagles: An Examination of Factors That Influence Fratricide". The Auk. 100 (3): 630–635. doi:10.1093/auk/100.3.630. JSTOR 4086464.
^Reynolds, P. S. (1996). "Brood Reduction and Siblicide in Black-Billed Magpies (Pica pica)". The Auk. 113 (1): 189–199. doi:10.2307/4088945. JSTOR 4088945.
^Harper, R. Given; Juliano, Steven A.; Thompson, Charles F. (1992). "Hatching asynchrony in the house wren, Troglodytes aedon: a test of the brood-reduction hypothesis". Behavioral Ecology. 3 (1): 76–83. doi:10.1093/beheco/3.1.76. ISSN 1045-2249.
Broodreduction occurs when the number of nestlings in a birds brood is reduced, usually because there is a limited amount of resources available. It can...
of Brood XIX will be together with another Brood - 2024 (Brood XIII), 2037 (Brood IX), 2050 (Brood V), 2063 (Brood I), 2076 (Brood XIV), 2089 (Brood X)...
entirely consumed. Filial cannibalism can act in a way analogous to broodreduction in birds, in order to reduce competition between offspring for resources...
2007.01523.x. ISSN 1095-8649. Sagebakken (2012). Parental Care and BroodReduction in a Pipefish. Goteborg. ISBN 978-91-628-8532-8. Berglund, Anders;...
Hoopoes show hatching asynchrony of eggs which is thought to allow for broodreduction when food availability is low. Hoopoes have well-developed anti-predator...
the Blue-footed Booby (Sula nebouxii): Social Roles in Infanticidal BroodReduction". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 19 (5): 365–372. doi:10.1007/bf00295710...
hatching in birds. A behavioral ecology hypothesis is known as Lack's broodreduction hypothesis (named after David Lack).[citation needed] Lack's hypothesis...
Nijhof. p. 118 – via The Internet Archive. Zielinski, Piotr (2002). "Broodreduction and parental infanticide – are the White Stork Ciconia ciconia and...
The Auk, 661–672. Steidl, R. J., & Griffin, C. R. (1991). Growth and broodreduction of mid-Atlantic coast ospreys. The Auk, 363–370. Walton, B. J., & Thelander...
(spelled ⟨wh⟩ since Middle English) has been subject to two kinds of reduction: Reduction to /h/ before rounded vowels (due to /hw/ being perceived as a /h/...
and asynchronous hatching are adaptive mechanisms that may lead to broodreduction. However, Snares penguins and other members of their genus, Eudyptes...
Western Palaeactic Region. author. p. 8. Zielinski, Piotr (2002). "Broodreduction and parental infanticide — are the White Stork Ciconia ciconia and...
194–197. Anderson, Atholl (1995). "The role of parents in sibilicidal broodreduction of two booby species" (PDF). The Auk. 112 (4): 860–869. doi:10.2307/4089018...
(microsporidia). This infestation led to a reduction in the number of bees and subsequently to reduced broods in the Bt-fed colonies, as well as in the...
not around, she will allow asynchronous hatching and even allow a broodreduction if she cannot take care of all the young. This allocation of resources...
Male crawling Brood XIII sub-brood, 2020 Male dorsal Brood XIII sub-brood, 2020 Male ventral Brood XIII sub-brood, 2020 Female dorsal Brood XIII, 2024 Female...
has been observed in all of the three extant broods of 13-year cicadas: Brood XIX, Brood XXII, and Brood XXIII. "Periodical Cicada Page". University of...
males and females with the incubation period lasting 22 to 23 days. Broodreduction was common with the youngest nestling dying within two weeks. The breeding...
nurse bees will prefer to stay with open brood, and that forager bees will move to frames with closed brood or with room for food. In the modern Demaree...
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