Curse on heretics which forms part of Jewish rabbinical liturgy
The Birkat haMinim (Hebrew: ברכת המינים "Blessing on the heretics") is a curse on heretics[1] which forms part of the Jewish rabbinical liturgy.[2] It is the twelfth in the series of eighteen benedictions (Shemoneh Esreh) that constitute the core of prayer service in the statutory daily 'standing prayer' of religious Jews.[3][a]
There has been a general consensus that the eighteen benedictions generally go back to some form in the Second Temple period[4] but the origins of this particular prayer[5] and its earliest wording are disputed in modern scholarship, between those who argue for a very early date, either sometime prior to, or roughly contemporary with the Roman conquest of Jerusalem in 70 CE, and those who hold that the formulation crystallized several decades or centuries later. Pinning down its date figures prominently since it is widely taken to indicate the moment when a definitive rupture arose between Judaism and Christianity.[b]
In the early premodern form in Europe, the curse was applied to several kinds of people or groups: Jews who apostasized to Christianity; Christians themselves; the enemies of the Jews, and to the governing authorities of the Christian world.[1][c][d] From the 13th century, the terminology used in the prayer and rabbinical explications of their referent, Christians, began to undergo a process of censorship, imposed from outside or regulated internally, once Christian authorities learnt of them through information supplied by Jewish converts and from scholars who began to access the texts in the original language.[6]
There is no single, uniform Ashkenazi or Sephardic liturgy, and marked differences may exist between prayer books issued by the rabbinates in, for example, England, Israel, or the United States.[7] In modern times, Jews who regularly attend the synagogue only on the Sabbath rarely hear it, if ever[1] since on the Sabbath and holidays an alternative version lacking Birkat haMinim is used.[8] It is mandated for prayer every day among Orthodox Jews, and is recited five times by precentors, six days every week.[1]
^ abcdLanger 2011, p. 3.
^Kessler 2010, p. 78.
^Marcus 2009, p. 523.
^Instone-Brewer 2003, p. 27.
^Wilson 1989, p. 65.
^Teppler 2007, p. 169.
^Langer 2011, p. 43.
^Kimelman 1981, p. 226.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
The BirkathaMinim (Hebrew: ברכת המינים "Blessing on the heretics") is a curse on heretics which forms part of the Jewish rabbinical liturgy. It is the...
prominently featured in the BirkathaMinim of the Amidah and the Talmud. The Talmud indicates that Rabbi Gamaliel II directed Samuel ha-Katan to write another...
John 9:22 in the New Testament. The writing of the BirkathaMinim benediction is attributed to Shmuel ha-Katan at the supposed Council of Jamnia. The theory...
to heretic views ["minut"] which lead your heart away from God". The BirkathaMinim is a curse on heretics. The belief that the curse was directed at Christians...
Langer, Ruth (2012-01-12). Cursing the Christians?: A History of the BirkatHaMinim. OUP USA. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-19-978317-5. Jews in Byzantium: Dialectics...
rabbis claimed leadership over all Jews, and added to the Amidah the birkathaMinim, a prayer which in part exclaims, "Praised are You O Lord, who breaks...
Rejection of Jesus The Talmud Unmasked Toledot Yeshu Yeshu Yeshua (name) BirkathaMinim Ilan, Tal (2002). Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity Part I:...
Rabbis claimed leadership over all Jews, and added to the Amidah the birkathaMinim, a prayer which in part exclaims, "Praised are You O Lord, who breaks...
to the land of Israel. BirkatHaDin ("Justice") – asks God to restore righteous judges, as in the days of old. BirkatHaMinim ("the sectarians, heretics")...
Good Friday prayers are liturgically similar to the Jewish prayers BirkathaMinim or the Aleinu or the Hagaddah, although this is controversial. The American...
the Christians as fellow Jews, often leading to their execution. The BirkathaMinim was often brought forward as support for this charge that the Jews were...
p. 91-ff. 2009 R. Langer, Cursing the Christians?: A History of the BirkatHaMinim, p. 203. 2012 Minervini, Laura (2021). "Judeo-Romance in Italy and France...
or sing Bendigamos. These prayers are similar in content to Birkat Hamazon. Berakhah Birkat Hachama Shuckling Siddur "Siddur Ashkenaz, Weekday, Shacharit...
ISBN 9789004203556. Langer, Ruth (2012). Cursing The Christians? A History of the BirkatHaMinim. Oxford University Press. p. 203. ISBN 9780199783175. Norman Roth, Medieval...
ISBN 978-0300060522. Ruth Langer, Cursing the Christians?: A History of the BirkatHaMinim, Oxford University Press, 2011 p. 73 70. Jews and Finance in the Medieval...
Rabbis claimed leadership over all Jews, and added to the Amidah the birkathaMinim (see Council of Jamnia), a prayer which in part exclaims, "Praised are...
writings, and the spreading of the curse against Christian heretics: the BirkathaMinim. The first documented case of imperially supervised persecution of Christians...
some Jews, unhappy with Jewish Christians, were beginning to use the Birkatha-minim or something very much like it” to curse Christians. Poverty and wealth...
Retrieved 2011-02-26. R. Langer, Cursing the Christians?: A History of the BirkatHaMinim, p. 203. 2012 R. Bonfil et al., Jews in Byzantium: Dialectics of Minority...
2007, pp. 101-126 1 Philippe Bobichon, « Persécutions, calomnies, ‘birkatha-Minim’, et émissaires juifs de propagande antichrétienne dans le Dialogue...
difficult to pronounce. Flusser also took the view (1992) that the BirkathaMinim was originally in reference to Sadducees, not Judaeo-Christians. Flusser...
The four species (Hebrew: ארבעת המינים arba'at ha-minim, also called arba'a minim) are four plants—the etrog, lulav, hadass, and aravah—mentioned in the...
the Teshuvot ha-Meshubot. Abner presented charges before Alfonso XI of Castile, accusing his former brethren of using the BirkathaMinim, a prayer-formula...
probably at this time that a new draft of the BirkathaMinim was written containing a curse on heretics (minim) among which the Nazoreans are included. Simon...
152-ff. 2014 R. Langer, Cursing the Christians?: A History of the BirkatHaMinim, p. 203. 2012 Safran, L. The Medieval Salento: Art and Identity in Southern...
[need quotation to verify] However, the formulated prayer in question (birkatha-minim) is considered by other scholars to be unremarkable in the history...
Global Information