Rainforest in Kinabalu Park, Borneo. The biodiversity on the island of Borneo consists of 15,000 plant species, with more than 1,400 amphibians, birds, fish, mammals, reptiles and insects.
The island of Borneo is located on the Sunda Shelf, which is an extensive region in Southeast Asia of immense importance in terms of biodiversity, biogeography and phylogeography of fauna and flora that had attracted Alfred Russel Wallace and other biologists from all over the world.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
The previous climatic oscillation and sea level changes leading to contraction and expansion of the tropical rain contributed to the extinction and genetic divergence of species in the region.[11][12] Harrison (1958) was the first to discover of intermittent human habitation about 49,000 years ago in the Niah Cave National Park. Baker et al.(2007) unravelled the complexities of the late Pleistocene to Holocene habitation of the Niah Cave.
Flenley (1998) and Bird et al. (2005) suggested of a continuous savanna habitat with from the Asian mainland into Borneo and interrupted by a network of ancient Sunda River system.[12] Dodson et al. (1995) postulated that the biogeographical history of Southeast Asia contributed to extensive admixture during Pleistocene low sea levels of genetic groups of an obligate freshwater fish (the river catfish, Hemibagrus nemurus) isolated during periods of high sea levels. During Pleistocene glacial maxima, the sea level was lower than at present and the islands of the Sunda shelf (Sumatra, Borneo and Java) and the Asian mainland were connected by lowlands traversed by rivers. Thus, the fish from Baram, Endau and Mekong rivers were genetically related.
Piper et al. (2008) identified 27 mammal, 11 bird and eight reptile taxa recovered from the Terminal Pleistocene deposits at Niah Cave. Some of these animals are extinct and extent in distribution in Borneo.[13] Other biologists suggested Pleistocene refugia found in Borneo to explain for the gene flow and genetic divergent of certain species.
^Wallace, 1855
^Holloway and Jardine, 1968
^Dodson et al., 1995
^Brandon-Jones, 1996, 1998
^Ruedi and Fumagalli, 1996
^Bird et al., 2005
^Morley, 1998
^Inger and Voris, 2001
^Meijard, 2003
^Baker et al., 2007
^Haeney 1986, 1991
^ abVoris, 2000
^Gathorne-Hardy et al., 2002
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