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The term Beiyang (Chinese: 北洋; pinyin: Běiyáng; Wade-Giles: Peiyang) literally means Northern Ocean.[1] Initially a purely geographic term, it originated toward the end of the Qing dynasty, and it referred to the coastal provinces of Zhili (Traditional Chinese:直隸, Simplified Chinese: 直隶, pinyin: Zhílì, today's Hebei), Shandong and Liaoning that bordered the Yellow Sea (itself a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean) and surrounded the imperial capital of Beijing (then known as Peking).
The term later acquired a political significance, denoting the imperial heartland. The position of Minister of Beiyang (北洋通商大臣) in the late Qing Dynasty was held by the Viceroy of Zhili, whose main responsibilities were trade relations and occasionally foreign affairs.[2]
^Yuan Shikai and the Significance of his Troop Training at Xiaozhan, Tianjin, 1895–1899, Hong Zhang, The Chinese Historical Review Volume 26, 2019 - Issue 1
^"北洋通商大臣" (PDF). Dr. Sun Yat-sen Museum. 2018-10-22. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
The term Beiyang (Chinese: 北洋; pinyin: Běiyáng; Wade-Giles: Peiyang) literally means Northern Ocean. Initially a purely geographic term, it originated...
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Tianjin University (TJU; 天津大学), previously Peiyang University (北洋大學), is a national public research university in Tianjin, China. Established in 1895 by...
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In 1902, Yuan Shikai, the Viceroy of Zhili Province and the Minister of Beiyang, founded an officer academy in Baoding, the capital of Zhili Province....
independence and launched military expeditions against Yuan Shikai. Yuan's Beiyang Army experienced several defeats and fractured, which led other provinces...
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