Battle of Bitlis Битлисское сражение Բաղեշի ճակատամարտ Bitlis Muharebesi
Part of Caucasus campaign
Date
July 1915 – August 1916
Location
Bitlis Vilayet, Ottoman Empire
Result
Russian victory[1][2][3]
Belligerents
Russian Empire
Armenian volunteer units
Ottoman Empire
Kurdish tribesmen
Commanders and leaders
Nikolai Yudenich Andranik Ozanian
Mustafa Kemal Pasha Ahmed Izzet Pasha[cmt. 1] Faik Pasha †
Strength
Russian Caucasus Army Armenian Fedayi
Second Army Kurdish Tribesmen
Casualties and losses
Unknown
34,000 captured or killed[3]
v
t
e
Caucasus campaign
Bergmann Offensive
Sarikamish
Ardahan
Van
Manzikert
Kara Killisse
Erzurum
Koprukoy
1st Trebizond
Çapakçur
1st Bitlis
Muş
Erzincan
2nd Trebizond
Choloki
German expedition
Sardarabad
Abaran
Karakilisa
Goychay
Aghsu
Kurdamir
Binagadi
Baku
Dagestan
Associated articles
Dunsterforce
Norperforce
The Battle of Bitlis refers to a series of engagements in the summer of 1916 for the town of Bitlis and to a lesser extent nearby Muş, between Russian Imperial forces and their Ottoman counterparts. The town was the last stronghold of the Ottoman Empire preventing the Russians from entering Anatolia and Mesopotamia.
Part of the battle is known as Battle of Muş
The first military confrontation at Bitlis occurred in July 1915, when Russian troops launched an unsuccessful assault on the town's fortifications. The second confrontation began in February 1916 and ended with the capture of Bitlis by new Russian corps, which largely consisted of the 1st Battalion of the Armenian volunteer units under the command of Andranik Ozanian. The Allied withdrawal from Gallipoli gave opportunity for Turkish forces to redeploy to the Caucasus region. Russian commander Nikolai Yudenich intended to attack the Turks before they could organize their forces to launch an attack.[3] After a series of clashes in Koprukoy, Erzurum, Muş, the Russian IV Caucasian Corps captured Bitlis on 2 March.[4]
The Ottoman troops of Ahmed Izzet Pasha were composed of veterans from the Gallipoli campaign. They were to outflank the Russians in Bitlis before the end of March, but communications were terrible, and troops had to march from Ankara for a month. The Turkish Second Army's (belated) offensive began on 2 August 1916 and successfully took back Bitlis (and Muş) but lost other territories in the Euphrates region to the Russians.[5] On 24 August, the Russian forces had recaptured both Mush and Bitlis.[6][3][7][8][1][2][9] The Ottomans suffered 34,000 casualties, around half of which were POWs.[3]
^ abThe International Military Digest Annual: A Review of the Current Literature of Military Science for 1915. New York City: The International Military Digest. 1916. p. 224. Noteworthy in this theater is the Russian success in recapturing Mush and Bitlis (Aug 25), which the Turks had won earlier in the month.
^ abEncyclopedia Americana. Vol. 29. Danbury, Connecticut: Grolier. 2000. p. 300. ISBN 0-7172-0133-3. In any case, Yudenich was able to recapture Mus and Bitlis on August 24.
^ abcdeTucker, Spencer (2002). The Great War, 1914-1918. UCL Press. pp. 180–181. ISBN 1-85728-390-2. But Yudenich retook both on 24 August, whereupon both sides retired into winter
^Burg, David F. (2010). Almanac of World War I. University of Kentucky Press. p. 104. ISBN 9780813127453.
^Tucker, Spencer; Wood, Laura Matysek; Murphy, Justin D. (1999). The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. Garland Publishing. p. 175. ISBN 0-8153-3351-X.
^Jaques 2006, p. 143.
^Chalabian, Antranig (1988). General Andranik and the Armenian Revolutionary Movement. pp. 273–275. ISBN 0962274119.
^Herman, Gerald (1992). The Pivotal Conflict: A Comprehensive Chronology of the First World War, 1914-1919. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 268. ISBN 0-313-22793-4.
^Encyclopedia Americana International Edition. Danbury, Connecticut: Grolier. 1970. p. 299. To the south, the Turkish Second Army took Mus and Bitlis in mid-August, but the Russians recaptured the two towns a week later.
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Bitlis (Armenian: Բաղեշ, romanized: Baghesh or Paghesh; Kurdish: Bidlîs) is a city in southeastern Turkey. It is the seat ofBitlis District and Bitlis...
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2005, p. 1052. Tucker 2005, p. 299. Duffy, Michael (2009-08-22). "The Battleof Bolimov, 1915". Firstworldwar.com. Archived from the original on 2006-09-03...
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