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Caucasus campaign information


Caucasus campaign
Part of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I and the Russo-Turkish Wars

Clockwise, from top left: The Battle of Sarikamish, The Erzurum Offensive, The Battle of Bitlis, The Battle of Erzincan
DateOctober 29, 1914 – October 30, 1918
(4 years and 1 day)
Location
Armenian Highlands, South Caucasus
Result See aftermath
Territorial
changes
Independence of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia
Belligerents

1914–1917:
Caucasus campaign Russian Empire
1917–1918:
Transcaucasian DFR
1918:
Caucasus campaign Armenia
Caucasus campaign United Kingdom
Caucasus campaign Centrocaspian Dictatorship
Caucasus campaign Baku Commune
1917:
Caucasus campaign Russian Provisional Government
Russian Republic Russian Republic
Caucasus campaign Russian SFSR


Greece Pontic Greeks
Caucasus campaign Ottoman Empire
1918:
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic Azerbaijan
1918:
Caucasus campaign Germany
Democratic Republic of Georgia Georgia
Caucasus campaign Northern Caucasus
Commanders and leaders
Caucasus campaign Nicholas II
Caucasus campaign I. Vorontsov-Dashkov
Caucasus campaign Grand Duke Nicholas
Caucasus campaign Kakutsa Cholokashvili
Caucasus campaign Nikolai Yudenich
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Sergei Kirov
Caucasus campaign Stepan Shaumian
First Republic of Armenia Tovmas Nazarbekian
First Republic of Armenia Andranik Ozanian
First Republic of Armenia Drastamat Kanayan
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Lionel Dunsterville
Ottoman Empire Mustafa Kemal Pasha
Ottoman Empire Enver Pasha
Ottoman Empire Wehib Pasha
Ottoman Empire Abdul Kerim Pasha
Ottoman Empire Ahmed Izzet Pasha
Ottoman Empire Nuri Pasha
Ottoman Empire Faik Pasha 
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic Ali-Agha Shikhlinski
German Empire F. K. von Kressenstein
Democratic Republic of Georgia Giorgi Kvinitadze
Units involved

Russian Empire Caucasus Army

  • Armenian Corps

First Republic of Armenia Armenian Army
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Dunsterforce

  • Greek Caucasus Division
Ottoman Empire 3rd Army
Ottoman Empire 2nd Army
Ottoman EmpireAzerbaijan Democratic Republic Army of Islam
Circassia Circassian volunteers[1]
German Empire Caucasus Expedition
Strength

Caucasus campaign Russian Empire:
1914: 160,000[2]
1916: 702,000[2]

Total: 1,000,000[3]
Ottoman Empire 308,660 men
German Empire 1918: 3,000
Casualties and losses
Russian Empire 140,000+ casualties (up to September 1916)[4][5]
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 200+[6]
Caucasus campaign 5,000

Ottoman Empire 300,000+[7]
83,083 killed
170,000 died of disease[8]
113,570 wounded
39,080 captured


Total dead: 253,000[9]

The Caucasus campaign comprised armed conflicts between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, later including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus, the German Empire, the Central Caspian Dictatorship, and the British Empire, as part of the Middle Eastern theatre during World War I. The Caucasus campaign extended from the South Caucasus to the Armenian Highlands region, reaching as far as Trabzon, Bitlis, Mush and Van. The land warfare was accompanied by naval engagements in the Black Sea.

The Russian military campaign started on 1 November 1914 with the Russian invasion of Turkish Armenia.[10]

In February 1917, the Russian advance was halted following the Russian Revolution. The Russian Caucasus Army soon disintegrated and was replaced by the forces of the newly established Transcaucasian state, comprising partly of Armenian volunteer units and irregular units which had previously been part of the Russian Army. During 1918 the region also saw the establishment of the Central Caspian Dictatorship, the Republic of Mountainous Armenia and an Allied intervention force, nicknamed Dunsterforce, composed of troops drawn from the Mesopotamian and Western Fronts.

On March 3, 1918, the campaign had terminated between the Ottoman Empire and Russia with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and on June 4, 1918, the Ottomans signed the Treaty of Batum with Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia gaining independence. However, conflict continued as the Ottoman Empire was still engaged with the Central Caspian Dictatorship, the Republic of Mountainous Armenia, and the Dunsterforce of the British Empire until the Armistice of Mudros was signed on October 30, 1918.

The Turkish genocide of the Armenians began in April 1915 when 250 Armenians were arrested. The official reason was that the Armenians were in league with the Russians and could serve as a potential fifth column.[11] The genocide continued until 1923.

  1. ^ Sönmez, Orhan. Kuzey Kafkas Direnişi, Kafkas İslam Ordusu ve hazin son
  2. ^ a b Fleet, Kate; Faroqhi, Suraiya; Kasaba, Reşat (2006). Turkey in the Modern World. The Cambridge History of Turkey. Vol. 4. Cambridge University Press. p. 94. ISBN 0-521-62096-1.
  3. ^ Erickson, Edward J. (2007). Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: a comparative study. Taylor & Francis. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-415-77099-6.
  4. ^ Allen, W. E. D.; Muratoff, Paul (1999). Caucasian Battlefields: A History of Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828–1921. Nashville: Battery Press. p. 439. "Losses" for the Caucasus Army for June–September 1916 are given as 50,000, including Baratov's, which were mostly from sickness.
  5. ^ See cited numbers on the following pages for battles outside of the specific June–September 1916 period: Bergmann Offensive (7,000), Battle of Sarikamish (28,000), Battle of Manzikert (1915) (7,000–10,000), Battle of Kara Killisse (1915) (8,000), Erzurum Offensive (21,000+), and Battle of Erzincan (~17,000).
  6. ^ "Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire" (London: HMSO, 1920). Page 778. Note: British Indian Army only. Details for British Indian Army personnel in Dunsterforce: unknown officers, 158 other ranks, and 23 followers dead from all causes. Unknown followers and officers and 15 other ranks wounded.
  7. ^ Allen, W. E. D.; Muratoff, Paul (1999). Caucasian Battlefields: A History of Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828–1921. Nashville: Battery Press. p. 439. Includes losses from sickness and desertion.
  8. ^ Erickson 2001, p. 241
  9. ^ Erickson 2001, p. 241
  10. ^ Ath, Altay (2003). "Caucasus". Turkey in the First World War. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
  11. ^ "Holocaust and Genocide studies: Armenia". University of Minnesota. Retrieved November 10, 2022.

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