Atypical bacteria are bacteria that do not get colored by gram-staining but rather remain colorless: they are neither Gram-positive nor Gram-negative. These include the Chlamydiaceae, Legionella and the Mycoplasmataceae (including mycoplasma and ureaplasma); the Spirochetes and Rickettsiaceae are also often considered atypical.[1]
Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall, which retains the crystal violet during Gram staining, resulting in a purple color. Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer which does not retain the crystal violet, so when safranin is added during the process, they stain red.
The Mycoplasmataceae lack a peptidoglycan layer so do not retain crystal violet or safranin, resulting in no color. The Chlamydiaceae contain an extremely thin peptidoglycan layer, preventing visible staining.[2] Ricketsiaceae are technically Gram-negative, but are too small to stain well, so are often considered atypical.
Peptidoglycans are the site of action of beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins and cephalosporins, so mycoplasma are naturally resistant to these drugs, which in this sense also makes them “atypical” in the treatment of their infections. Macrolides such as erythromycin however, are usually effective in treating atypical bacterial infections.
Finally, some of these bacteria can cause a specific type of pneumonia referred to as atypical pneumonia. That is not to say that atypical pneumonia is strictly caused by atypical bacteria, for this disease can also have a fungal, protozoan or viral cause.
Through a recent study on analyzing synergistic interactions between the influenza viruses and atypical bacteria, it was stated that there have been findings of interaction between the two most prominent strains C. Pneumoniae and M. Pneumoniae with the influenza virus. This was labeled and discussed as a coinfection in correlation to the influenza virus. [3]
^de Souza Luna, Luciano Kleber; Panning, Marcus; Grywna, Klaus; Pfefferle, Susanne; Drosten, Christian (March 2007). "Spectrum of Viruses and Atypical Bacteria in Intercontinental Air Travelers with Symptoms of Acute Respiratory Infection". Journal of Infectious Diseases. 195 (5): 675–679. doi:10.1086/511432. PMC 7199876. PMID 17262708.
^Liechti, George (February 27, 2014). "A new metabolic cell-wall labelling method reveals peptidoglycan in Chlamydia trachomatis". Nature. 506 (7489): 507–510. doi:10.1038/nature12892. PMC 3997218. PMID 24336210.
^Mina, M; Burke, R; Klugman, K (May 1, 2014). "Estimating the prevalence of coinfection with influenza virus and the atypical bacteria Bordetella pertussis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 33 (9). BrowZine Library: 1585–1589. doi:10.1007/s10096-014-2120-0. PMC 4835343. PMID 24789653.
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Grywna K, Pfefferle S, Drosten C (2007). "Spectrum of viruses and atypicalbacteria in intercontinental air travelers with symptoms of acute respiratory...
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