West African Atlantic trading centers like Elmina, pictured here in 1575, had communities of Atlantic Creoles; some ended up in the Americas, both free and captive.[1]
Atlantic Creole is a cultural identifier of those with origins in the transatlantic settlement of the Americas via Europe and Africa.[2][3][4]
^Berlin, Ira (April 1, 1996). "From Creole to African". William and Mary Quarterly. 53 (2): 266. doi:10.2307/2947401. JSTOR 2947401. Retrieved June 6, 2022.
^Ira Berlin, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1998 Pbk, p.39
^"Individual Stories- Individual Heroes" Archived 2012-04-29 at the Wayback Machine, Slavery and the Making of America, WNET, accessed 30 September 2011
^Berlin, Ira (May 19, 2015). "The Atlantic Creoles". Slate.com. Retrieved June 6, 2022.
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