Assisted migration of forests in North America information
Human-facilitated forest migration process
Biomes of North America - CURRENT (Rehfeldt et al. 2012)[1]Biomes of North America - PROJECTED 2060 (Rehfeldt et al. 2012)[1]
Assisted migration is the movement of populations or species by humans from one territory to another in response to climate change. This is the definition offered in a nontechnical document published by the United States Forest Service in 2023, suggesting that this form of climate adaptation "could be a proactive, pragmatic tool for building climate resilience in our landscapes."[2]
Programs for assisted migration of forests in North America have been created by public and indigenous governmental bodies, private forest owners, and land trusts. They have been researching, testing, evaluating, and sometimes implementing forest assisted migration projects as a form of adaptation to climate change.[3][4] Assisted migration in the forestry context differs from assisted migration as originally proposed in the context of conservation biology, where it is regarded as a management tool for helping endangered species cope with the need for climate adaptation.[5] The focus in forestry is mitigating climate change's negative effects on the health and productivity of working forests.
Forestry assisted migration is already underway in North America because of the rapidly changing climate and the forestry industry's reseeding practices. It is now standard practice for governmental and industrial harvests of trees to be followed by the planting of seeds or seedlings in the harvested areas. Hence, an opportunity automatically arises post-harvest to select seeds (and sometimes different species of trees) from areas with climates that are expected to arrive in the harvested sites decades into the future. The government of British Columbia in Canada was the first federated state on the continent to make the decision to change their seed transfer guidelines accordingly in 2009.[6][7][8]
Longer distance forms of assisted migration were not, however, considered prior to climate modelling and within-forest evidence of the increasing pace of climate change. Serious discussion and debate ensued in the forestry profession beginning around 2008.[9] The debate focuses around the ethical implications of artificially migrating ecosystems, the risks and benefits of such endeavors, and the values at the heart of assisted forest migration projects.[10]
There are also recorded instances of inadvertent assisted migration of North American trees. Beginning in the early 20th century, two trees famously endemic to California, the giant sequoia and coast redwood, have been planted for urban forestry purposes northward in cities along the Pacific coast of Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. Today these specimens are not only thriving; they are prominent along urban skylines and often outrank the native trees in sizes achieved. As well, several kinds of Magnolia native to the southeastern United States have dispersed into the forest understory, thanks to ornamental plantings producing seeds beyond their native ranges.
^ abRehfeldt, Gerald E; Crookston, Nicholas L; Saenz-Romero, Cuauhtemoc; Campbell, Elizabeth M (2012). "North American vegetation model for land-use planning in a changing climate: a solution to large classification problems" (PDF). Ecological Applications. 22 (1): 119–141. Bibcode:2012EcoAp..22..119R. doi:10.1890/11-0495.1. PMID 22471079.
^Halleaux, Savannah (April 6, 2023). "Traveling trees: Assisted migration for climate resilience". U.S. Forest Service. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
^"Assisted Migration". Natural Resources Canada. Government of Canada. June 27, 2013. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
^Beardmore, Tannis; Winder, Richard (January 2011). "Review of science-based assessments of species vulnerability: Contributions to decision-making for assisted migration". The Forestry Chronicle. 87 (6): 745–754. doi:10.5558/tfc2011-091.
^Hällfors, Maria H; et al. (July 2014). "Coming to Terms with the Concept of Moving Species Threatened by Climate Change – A Systematic Review of the Terminology and Definitions". PLOS ONE. 9 (7): e102979. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j2979H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102979. PMC 4108403. PMID 25055023.
^O'Neill, Gregory A; et al. "Assisted Migration to Address Climate Change in British Columbia: Recommendations for Interim Seed Transfer Standards (2008)" (PDF). Ministry of Forests and Range. Government of British Columbia. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
^"Climate-Based Seed Transfer". Ministry of Forests and Range. Government of British Columbia. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
^Leech, Susan March; Almuedo, Pedro Lara; O'Neill, Greg (2011). "Assisted Migration: Adapting Forest Management to a Changing Climate". BC Journal of Ecosystems and Management. 12 (3): 18–34.
^Aitken, Sally N; Yeamam, Sam; Holliday, Jason A; Wang, Tongli; Curtis-McLane, Sierra (January 25, 2008). "Adaptation, migration or extirpation: Climate change outcomes for tree populations". Evolutionary Applications. 1 (1): 95–111. Bibcode:2008EvApp...1...95A. doi:10.1111/j.1752-4571.2007.00013.x. PMC 3352395. PMID 25567494.
^Aubin, Isabelle; et al. (January 2011). "Why we disagree about assisted migration: Ethical implications of a key debate regarding the future of Canada's forests". The Forestry Chronicle. 87 (6): 755–765. doi:10.5558/tfc2011-092.
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