Global InformationArmenian Revolutionary Federation information
Armenian Revolutionary Federation Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն | |
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| Other name | Dashnaktsutyun |
| Abbreviation | ARF (English) ՀՅԴ (Armenian) |
| Bureau Chairman | Hakob Ter-Khachaturyan |
| Supreme Council Chairman | Ishkhan Saghatelyan |
| Founders | Christapor Mikaelian Stepan Zorian Simon Zavarian |
| Founded | 1890[1] in Tiflis, Russian Empire (now Tbilisi, Georgia) |
| Headquarters | Hanrapetutyun Street 30, Yerevan |
| Newspaper | Yerkir (Երկիր, "Country") and Droshak (Դրօշակ, "Banner") |
| Student wing | ARF Shant Student Association ARF Armen Karo Student Association |
| Youth wing | Armenian Youth Federation |
| TV Channel | Yerkir Media (in Armenia) |
| Membership (2012) | 6,800 (in Armenia only)[2] |
| Ideology |
|
| Political position | Center-left[31] to left-wing[32][33] |
| National affiliation | Homeland Salvation Movement (in Armenia; 2020–2021) Armenia Alliance (in Armenia) March 8 Alliance (in Lebanon) |
| European affiliation | Party of European Socialists (observer)[34] |
| Continental affiliation | Forum of Socialists of the CIS Countries |
| International affiliation | Socialist International (1951–1960; 1996–present)[35] Labour and Socialist International (1923–1940) Second International (1907–1916) |
| Colors | Red and gold |
| Slogan | "Ազատութիւն կամ մահ" Azatut'yun kam mah ("Freedom or Death")[28] |
| Anthem | "Մշակ, բանուոր" Mshak Banvor ("Peasant and Worker") |
| Affiliates | Armenian Relief Society Homenetmen Hamazkayin Armenian National Committee of America |
| National Assembly of Armenia[36] | 10 / 107 |
| National Assembly of Artsakh | 0 / 33 |
| Parliament of Lebanon | 3 / 128 |
| Party flag | |
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| Website | |
| arfd | |
^ a: United Armenia is an irredentist concept referring to areas within the traditional Armenian homeland. The ARF idea of "United Armenia" incorporates claims to Western Armenia (eastern Turkey), Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh), the landlocked exclave Nakhichevan of Azerbaijan and the Javakheti (Javakhk) region of Georgia. | |
The Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Armenian: Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն, romanized: Hay Heghapokhakan Dashnaktsutyun,[a] abbr. ARF (ՀՅԴ) or ARF-D), also known as Dashnaktsutyun[b] (Armenian: Դաշնակցություն, lit. "Federation"[c]), is an Armenian nationalist and socialist political party[37][38][39] founded in 1890 in Tiflis, Russian Empire by Christapor Mikaelian, Stepan Zorian, and Simon Zavarian.[40] As of 2023[update], the party operates in Armenia, Lebanon, Iran and in countries where the Armenian diaspora is present. The party was also active in Artsakh until the Azerbaijani offensive in September 2023. Although it has long been the most influential political party in the Armenian diaspora, it has a comparatively smaller proportional presence in modern-day Armenia.[41] As of October 2023[update], the party was represented in two national parliaments, with ten seats in the National Assembly of Armenia and three seats in the Parliament of Lebanon[42][43] as part of the March 8 Alliance.
The ARF has traditionally advocated socialist democracy[44] and has been a full member of the Socialist International since 2003; it joined the Second International in 1907.[35][45] It has the largest membership of the political parties present in the Armenian diaspora, having established affiliates in more than 20 countries.[46] Compared to other diasporan Armenian parties which tend to primarily focus on educational or humanitarian projects, the ARF is the most politically oriented of the organizations and traditionally has been one of the staunchest supporters of Armenian nationalism.[46] The party campaigns for the recognition of the Armenian genocide and the right to reparations. It also advocates the establishment of United Armenia, partially based on the Treaty of Sèvres of 1920.
The ARF originated as a merger of various Armenian political groups, mainly from the Russian Empire, with the declared goal of achieving "the political and economic freedom of Turkish Armenia" by means of armed rebellion.[47] In the 1890s, the party sought to unify the various small groups in the Ottoman Empire that were advocating reform and defending Armenian villages from the massacres and banditry that were widespread in some of the Armenian-populated areas of the empire. ARF members formed groups of partisans (fedayi) that defended Armenian civilians through armed resistance. The party refrained from revolutionary activity in the Russian Empire until the decision of the Russian authorities to confiscate Armenian Church property in 1903.[48] Initially restricting its demands to the establishment of autonomy and democratic rights for Armenians in the two empires, the party adopted an independent and united Armenia as part of its program in 1919.[49]
In 1918, the party was instrumental in the formation of the First Republic of Armenia, which fell to the Soviet communists in 1920.[50] After the communists exiled its leadership, the ARF established itself within Armenian-diaspora communities, where it helped Armenians to preserve their cultural identity.[51] After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the ARF reestablished its presence in Armenia. Prior to Serzh Sargsyan's election as President of Armenia in February 2008 and for a short time thereafter, the ARF was a member of the governing coalition, even though it nominated its own candidate in the 2008 presidential elections.[52]
ARF reentered Sargsyan's cabinet in February 2016 in what was defined as a "long-term political cooperation" agreement with the Republican Party by means of which the ARF would share responsibility for all government policies.[53] The ARF then approved of Sargsyan's nomination in April 2018 as Prime Minister, from which post he resigned six days later (23 April 2018) amid large-scale protests in what came to be known as the Velvet Revolution.[54] By the evening of 25 April 2018, ARF-Dashnaktsutyun had withdrawn from the coalition.
Following the Velvet Revolution, the party lost support from the general public in Armenia and is now being polled at 1–2%.[timeframe?] The party lost political representation in the 2018 Armenian parliamentary election after receiving only 3.89% of the votes, which is lower than the 5% minimum threshold required for representation in the National Assembly.
During the 2020–2021 Armenian protests, the party confirmed it would participate in the 2021 Armenian parliamentary election as part of a political alliance - the Armenia Alliance - with Reborn Armenia. In the 2021 election, the Armenia Alliance, led by the second President of Armenia, Robert Kocharyan, won 21% of the popular vote and gained 29 seats in the National Assembly.[55][56]
- ^ Libaridian, Gerard J. (2004). Modern Armenia: People, Nation, State. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7658-0205-7.
- ^ "Յուրաքանչյուր երկրորդ չափահաս հայաստանցին կուսակցակա՞ն [Every second Armenian a party member?]". Tert.am (in Armenian). Yerevan. 15 May 2012. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
- ^ "Armenian Nationalist Party Threatens President Over Turkey Protocols". Yerevan. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 14 January 2010. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
- ^ Cornell 2011, p. 11.
- ^ Abbasov, Shahin (15 October 2010). "Azerbaijan: Baku Reaches Out to Armenian Hard-liners in Karabakh PR Bid". EurasiaNet. New York. Open Society Institute. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
- ^ [3][4][5]
- ^ "Armenia: Internal Instability Ahead" (PDF). Yerevan/Brussels: International Crisis Group. 18 October 2004. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
- ^ "Ծրագիր Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցության (1998)". Armenian Revolutionary Federation Website. "ՀՅ Դաշնակցությունը նպատակադրում է. Ա. Ազատ, Անկախ եւ Միացյալ Հայաստանի կերտում: Միացյալ Հայաստանի սահմանների մեջ պիտի մտնեն Սեւրի դաշնագրով նախատեսված հայկական հողերը, ինչպես նաեւ` Արցախի, Ջավախքի եւ Նախիջեւանի երկրամասերը:"
- ^ Harutyunyan 2009, p. 89.
- ^ [7][8][9]
- ^ "The first numbers of the lists of eleven political forces presented their visions of the fight against corruption and economic development" Տասնմեկ քաղաքական ուժերի ցուցակների առաջին համարները ներկայացրին կոռուպցիայի դեմ պայքարի ու տնտեսության զարգացման իրենց տեսլականները (in Armenian). Armenpress. 5 December 2018. Archived from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ "It is necessary to get rid of the phrase 'there are no means, there can be no reforms.' Armen Rustamyan" Պետք է ձերբազատվել «չկան միջոցներ, չեն կարող լինել բարեփոխումներ» ձևակերպումից. Արմեն Ռուստամյան. Yerkir (in Armenian). 16 September 2017. Archived from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ [11][12]
- ^ ""Dashnaktsutyun" wants to disrupt peacekeeping initiatives". 25 January 2022.
- ^ "Dashnaktsutyun MP Finds 'Terrible Things' in 2012 Budget | Epress.am". 18 November 2011.
- ^ Kalantarian, Karine (25 November 2009). "Dashnaks Explain Criticism Of Russia". azatutyun.am. RFE/RL. Archived from the original on 24 August 2020.
- ^ Danielyan, Emil (16 December 1995). "ARMENIA: Banned Opposition Party Has Deep Roots". Azg. Transitions Online. Archived from the original on 4 July 2020.
- ^ Bedevian, Astghik; Stepanian, Ruzanna (4 December 2014). "Armenian Parliament Backs Eurasian Union Entry". azatutyun.am. RFE/RL. Archived from the original on 24 August 2020.
- ^ Stepanian, Ruzanna (1 September 2010). "Dashnaks Back New Russian-Armenian Pact". azatutyun.am. RFE/RL. Archived from the original on 24 August 2020.
- ^ [16][17][18][19]
- ^ "Դաշնակցության սոցիալիզմի մոդելը [The Socialist Model of Dashnaktsutyun]". parliamentarf.am (in Armenian). Armenian Revolutionary Federation faction in the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia. 9 July 2011. Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
- ^ "Evaluation Report on Armenia on Transparency of party funding" (PDF). Strasbourg: Council of Europe. 3 December 2010. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
- ^ "Where is the Armenian LEFT, the true alternative?". Yerevan: Institute for Democracy and Human Rights (IDHR). 10 December 2007. Archived from the original on 7 September 2014.
- ^ [21][22][23]
- ^ Hovannisian 1971, p. 40.
- ^ Danielyan, Emil (16 December 1995). "ARMENIA: Banned Opposition Party Has Deep Roots". Azg. Transitions Online. Archived from the original on 4 July 2020.
- ^ Goltz 2015, p. 314.
- ^ a b Verluise 1995, p. 38.
- ^ Panossian 2006, p. 365.
- ^ [26][27][28][29]
- ^ "Armenia".
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ ռ/կ, Ազատություն (23 May 2019). "Dashnaktsutyun Holds Rally, Again Slams Government". «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» Ռադիոկայան. RFE/RL. Archived from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
- ^ "ARF Joins Party of European Socialists as Observer Member". Armenian Weekly. 16 June 2015. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
- ^ a b "ARF news 'Yerkir', Hrant Markarian Speech". Archived from the original on 10 June 2007. Retrieved 25 December 2006.
- ^ "National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia | Official Web Site | parliament.am". parliament.am. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
- ^ "Report on Armenia's Parliamentary Election May 30, 1999". Washington, D.C.: Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. 1 September 1999. p. 7. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015.
- ^ Geukjian, Ohannes (2007). "The Policy of Positive Neutrality of the Armenian Political Parties in Lebanon during the Civil War, 1975–90: A Critical Analysis". Middle Eastern Studies. 43 (1): 65–73. doi:10.1080/00263200601079633. JSTOR 4284524. S2CID 144094304.
- ^ "Armenian Revolutionary Federation". Portal on Central Eastern and Balkan Europe. Bologna, Italy: University of Bologna. Archived from the original on 7 September 2014.
- ^ "Armenian Revolutionary Federation Founded, Armenian history timeline". Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2006.
- ^ Sanjian, Ara (2011). "The ARF's First 120 Years". The Armenian Review. 52 (3–4): 1–16. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
- ^ "Tachnaq party holds 2 seats in Lebanese National Assembly" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2006.
- ^ "ARF among parties running in NKR elections". Archived from the original on 3 October 2006. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
- ^ Armenian Revolutionary Federation Program (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
- ^ "ARFD". ARFD. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ a b "U.S. Embassy releases study on Armenian-Americans". Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2006.
- ^ Nalbandian, Louise (1975). "Armenian Revolutionary Federation, 1890–1896". The Armenian Revolutionary Movement. Berkeley, CA / Los Angeles / London: University of California Press. pp. 151–178. ISBN 0-520-00914-2.
- ^ Libaridian, Gerard J. (1996). "Revolution and Liberation in the 1892 and 1907 Programs of the Dashnaktsutiun". In Suny, Ronald Grigor (ed.). Transcaucasia, Nationalism, and Social Change. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. pp. 187–198.
- ^ Dasnabedian, Hratch (1990). History of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation Dashnaktsutiun 1890/1924. Milan: Oemme Edizioni. pp. 43–44. ISBN 9788885822115.
- ^ "ARF.am Home". Archived from the original on 12 October 2006. Retrieved 27 December 2006.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
ARF Shant Student Associationwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "RA Prime Minister Tigran Sargsyan's Speech at General Meeting of ARF 'Dashnaktsutyun'". Government of Armenia. 21 May 2008. Archived from the original on 25 June 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
- ^ "ARF Signs 'Political Cooperation' Agreement with Government". 24 February 2016. Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ "ARF's Supreme Council Approves Nomination of Serzh Sargsyan for Prime Minister". Hetq. 23 April 2018. Archived from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
- ^ ռ/կ, Ազատություն (6 May 2021). ""Վերածնվող Հայաստան"-ը հայտարարում է ընտրություններին ՀՅԴ-ի հետ դաշինքով մասնակցելու մասին՝ Քոչարյանի գլխավորությամբ". «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
- ^ "Սերժ Սարգսյանը կզոհաբերի՞ իր հավատարիմ զինվորներին". hayeli.am. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
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