"Lavoisier" redirects here. For other uses, see Lavoisier (disambiguation).
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Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier
Portrait of Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier and his Wife by Jacques-Louis David
Born
(1743-08-26)26 August 1743
Paris, France
Died
8 May 1794(1794-05-08) (aged 50)
Paris, France
Cause of death
Execution by guillotine
Resting place
Catacombs of Paris
Alma mater
Collège des Quatre-Nations, University of Paris
Known for
Acids and bases
Combustion
Calorimetry
Carbon cycle
Elemental analysis
Gasometer
Identified oxygen
Identified hydrogen
Redox reactions
Stoichiometry
Law of conservation of mass
Thermochemistry
Spouse
Marie-Anne Paulze Lavoisier
(m. 1771)
Scientific career
Fields
Biologist, chemist
Notable students
Éleuthère Irénée du Pont
Signature
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (/ləˈvwɑːzieɪ/lə-VWAH-zee-ay;[1][2][3]French:[ɑ̃twanlɔʁɑ̃dəlavwazje]; 26 August 1743 – 8 May 1794),[4] also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution, was a French nobleman and chemist who was central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and who had a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology.[5]
It is generally accepted that Lavoisier's great accomplishments in chemistry stem largely from his changing the science from a qualitative to a quantitative one. Lavoisier is most noted for his discovery of the role oxygen plays in combustion. He named oxygen (1778), recognizing it as an element, and also recognized hydrogen as an element (1783), opposing the phlogiston theory. Lavoisier helped construct the metric system, wrote the first extensive list of elements, and helped to reform chemical nomenclature. He predicted the existence of silicon (1787)[6] and discovered that, although matter may change its form or shape, its mass always remains the same. His wife and laboratory assistant, Marie-Anne Paulze Lavoisier, became a renowned chemist in her own right.
Lavoisier was a powerful member of a number of aristocratic councils, and an administrator of the Ferme générale. The Ferme générale was one of the most hated components of the Ancien Régime because of the profits it took at the expense of the state, the secrecy of the terms of its contracts, and the violence of its armed agents.[7] All of these political and economic activities enabled him to fund his scientific research. At the height of the French Revolution, he was charged with tax fraud and selling adulterated tobacco, and was guillotined despite appeals to spare his life in recognition of his contributions to science.
^"Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021.
^"Lavoisier". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
^"Lavoisier". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
^(in French) Lavoisier, le parcours d'un scientifique révolutionnaire CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)
^Schwinger, Julian (1986). Einstein's Legacy. New York: Scientific American Library. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-7167-5011-6.
^In his table of the elements, Lavoisier listed five "salifiable earths" (i.e., ores that could be made to react with acids to produce salts (salis = salt, in Latin)): chaux (calcium oxide), magnésie (magnesia, magnesium oxide), baryte (barium sulfate), alumine (alumina, aluminium oxide), and silice (silica, silicon dioxide). About these "elements", Lavoisier speculates: "We are probably only acquainted as yet with a part of the metallic substances existing in nature, as all those which have a stronger affinity to oxygen than carbon possesses, are incapable, hitherto, of being reduced to a metallic state, and consequently, being only presented to our observation under the form of oxyds, are confounded with earths. It is extremely probable that barytes, which we have just now arranged with earths, is in this situation; for in many experiments it exhibits properties nearly approaching to those of metallic bodies. It is even possible that all the substances we call earths may be only metallic oxyds, irreducible by any hitherto known process." – from p. 218 of: Lavoisier with Robert Kerr, trans., Elements of Chemistry, ..., 4th ed. (Edinburgh, Scotland: William Creech, 1799). (The original passage appears in: Lavoisier, Traité Élémentaire de Chimie, ... (Paris, France: Cuchet, 1789), vol. 1, p. 174.)
^Schama, Simon (1989). Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. Alfred A Knopf. p. 73.
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (/ləˈvwɑːzieɪ/ lə-VWAH-zee-ay; French: [ɑ̃twan lɔʁɑ̃ də lavwazje]; 26 August 1743 – 8 May 1794), also AntoineLavoisier after...
A Lavoisier Medal is an award named and given in honor of AntoineLavoisier, considered by some to be a father of modern chemistry. At least three organizations...
given credit for the discovery of hydrogen as an element. In 1783, AntoineLavoisier identified the element that came to be known as hydrogen when he and...
agreed. The first modern list of chemical elements was given in AntoineLavoisier's 1789 Elements of Chemistry, which contained thirty-three elements...
AntoineLavoisier (1743–1794), a French chemist regarded as the founder of modern chemistry, were among the first to be truly quantitative. Lavoisier...
recognize it as a chemical element. The name oxygen was coined in 1777 by AntoineLavoisier, who first recognized oxygen as a chemical element and correctly characterized...
this transformation was credited to the work of the French chemist AntoineLavoisier (the "father of modern chemistry"). However, recent work on the history...
the absorption of some substance, now known to be carbon. In 1772, AntoineLavoisier showed that diamonds are a form of carbon; when he burned samples...
abandoned before the end of the 18th century following experiments by AntoineLavoisier in the 1770s and by other scientists. Phlogiston theory led to experiments...
1975), a Swiss DJ Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794), French nobleman and chemist, known for identifying oxygen and hydrogen Antoine Adolphe Marcelin Marbot...
primarily demonstrated in the 17th century and finally confirmed by AntoineLavoisier in the late 18th century. The formulation of this law was of crucial...
one version of the caloric theory that was introduced by AntoineLavoisier. Prior to Lavoisier's caloric theory, published references concerning heat and...
chemist Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal in 1790 when it was found that nitrogen was present in nitric acid and nitrates. AntoineLavoisier suggested instead...
[citation needed] Chemistry as we know it today, was invented by AntoineLavoisier with his law of conservation of mass in 1783.[citation needed] The...
later 18th century and became widespread in the early 19th century. AntoineLavoisier in his "Opuscules physiques et chymiques" (1774) used the ordinal...
discovery are listed. For 18th-century discoveries, around the time that AntoineLavoisier first questioned the phlogiston theory, the recognition of a new "earth"...
which led to the creation of the first ice calorimeters. In 1780, AntoineLavoisier used the heat from the guinea pig's respiration to melt snow surrounding...
the flame products (ash, water, carbon dioxide, and other gases). AntoineLavoisier, one of the pioneers in these early insights, stated that Nothing...
largely obsolete by the end of the 19th century. Joseph Black and AntoineLavoisier made important contributions in the precise measurement of heat changes...
formed water on combustion, in a 1766 paper, On Factitious Airs. AntoineLavoisier later reproduced Cavendish's experiment and gave the element its name...
earlier to the 18th century studies on fermentation and respiration by AntoineLavoisier. The term biochemistry itself is derived from the combining form bio-...
French scientist AntoineLavoisier (1743-1794), the father of modern chemistry who disproved the Phlogiston theory of combustion. The Lavoisier Group was created...
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