Animals had a variety of roles and functions in ancient Greece and Rome. Fish and birds were served as food. Species such as donkeys and horses served as work animals. The military used elephants. It was common to keep animals such as parrots, cats, or dogs as pets. Many animals held important places in the Graeco-Roman religion or culture. For example, owls symbolized wisdom and were associated with Athena. Humans would form close relationships with their animals in antiquity. Philosophers often debated about the nature of animals and humans. Many believed that the fundamental difference was that humans were capable of reason while animals were not. Philosophers such as Porphyry advocated for veganism.
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traditions of conviviality from ancientRome's earliest times, inherited in part from the Greeksand Etruscans. In contrast to the Greek symposium, which was primarily...
Drugs inancientRome were used for a variety of purposes. Cannabis and opium were used as medication to treat conditions such as insomnia or earaches...
The music of ancientRome was a part of Roman culture from the earliest of times. Songs (carmen) were an integral part of almost every social occasion...
Clothing inancientGreece refers to clothing starting from the Aegean bronze age (3000 BCE) to the Hellenistic period (31 BCE). Clothing inancientGreece included...
In modern historiography, ancientRome encompasses the founding of the Italian city of Romein the 8th century BC, the Roman Kingdom (753–509 BC), Roman...
whips, seesaws, dolls, chariots, and swings. Gambling and betting were popular games inancientRome. Legislation heavily regulated gambling, however, these...
AncientRome had a variety of ships that played crucial roles in its military, trade, and transportation activities. Rome was preceded in the use of the...
Macedonians (Greek: Μακεδόνες, Makedónes) were an ancient tribe that lived on the alluvial plain around the rivers Haliacmon and lower Axios in the northeastern...
inancientGreece was a socially acknowledged romantic relationship between an older male (the erastes) and a younger male (the eromenos) usually in his...
farming practices of ancientRome, during a period of over 1000 years. From humble beginnings, the Roman Republic (509 BC–27 BC) and the Roman Empire (27...
Slavery inancientRome played an important role in society and the economy. Unskilled or low-skill slaves labored in the fields, mines, and mills with...
AncientGreek medicine was a compilation of theories and practices that were constantly expanding through new ideologies and trials. The Greek term for...
Mining inancientRome utilized hydraulic mining and shaft mining techniques in combination with equipment such as the Archimedes screw. The materials...
Freeborn women inancientRome were citizens (cives), but could not vote or hold political office. Because of their limited public role, women are named...
Religion inancientRome consisted of varying imperial and provincial religious practices, which were followed both by the people of Rome as well as those...
Painting inancientRome is a still poorly understood topic in the history of painting, as its study is hampered by the scarcity of relics. Much of what...
AncientGreece encompasses those practices of a formal religious nature celebrating particular moments in the life of the community or individual in Greece...
of AncientRome, and the territories of its Republic and later Empire, includes architecture, painting, sculpture and mosaic work. Luxury objects in metal-work...
the archaeological record of ancientGreece, and since there is so much of it (over 100,000 painted vases are recorded in the Corpus vasorum antiquorum)...
AncientRome played a pivotal role in the history of wine. The earliest influences on the viticulture of the Italian peninsula can be traced to ancient...
Clothing inancientRome generally comprised a short-sleeved or sleeveless, knee-length tunic for men and boys, and a longer, usually sleeved tunic for...
common aspect of ancientGreece. In the more important cities, and particularly the many ports, it employed a significant number of people and represented...
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