Alexis Charles Henri Clérel, comte de Tocqueville (/ˈtɒkvɪl,ˈtoʊkvɪl/TO(H)K-vil,[7]French:[alɛksidətɔkvil]; 29 July 1805 – 16 April 1859),[8] usually known as just Tocqueville, was a French aristocrat, diplomat, sociologist, political scientist, political philosopher, and historian. He is best known for his works Democracy in America (appearing in two volumes, 1835 and 1840) and The Old Regime and the Revolution (1856). In both, he analyzed the living standards and social conditions of individuals as well as their relationship to the market and state in Western societies. Democracy in America was published after Tocqueville's travels in the United States and is today considered an early work of sociology and political science.
Tocqueville was active in French politics, first under the July Monarchy (1830–1848) and then during the Second Republic (1849–1851) which succeeded the February 1848 Revolution. He retired from political life after Louis Napoléon Bonaparte's 2 December 1851 coup and thereafter began work on The Old Regime and the Revolution.[9] Tocqueville argued the importance of the French Revolution was to continue the process of modernizing and centralizing the French state which had begun under King Louis XIV. He believed the failure of the Revolution came from the inexperience of the deputies who were too wedded to abstract Enlightenment ideals.
Tocqueville was a classical liberal who advocated parliamentary government and was skeptical of the extremes of majoritarianism.[9] During his time in parliament, he was first a member of the centre-left before moving to the centre-right,[10] and the complex and restless nature of his liberalism has led to contrasting interpretations and admirers across the political spectrum.[3][4][5][11]
^Boucaud-Victoire, Kévin (2017). La guerre des gauches. Editions du Cerf.
^Véricour, Louis Raymond (1848). Modern French Literature. Gould, Kendall and Lincoln. p. 104.
^ abJaume, Lucien (2013). Tocqueville: The Aristocratic Sources of Liberty. Princeton University Press. p. 6. The "liberal" label is not misplaced, because Tocqueville described himself as a liberal.
^ abKahan, Alan S. (2010). Alexis de Tocqueville. A&C Black. pp. 112–122.
^ abMuthu, Sankar (2012). "Republicanism, Liberalism, and Empire in Postrevolutionary France". Empire and Modern Political Thought. Cambridge University Press. pp. 261–291.
^Lakoff, Sanford (1998). "Tocqueville, Burke, and the Origins of Liberal Conservatism". The Review of Politics. 60 (3): 435–464. doi:10.1017/S003467050002742X. ISSN 1748-6858. S2CID 145118465.
^"Tocqueville". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
^Cite error: The named reference EB1911 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abHansen, Paul R. (February 2009). Contesting the French Revolution. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4051-6084-1.
^Jennings, Jeremy (2011). Revolution and the Republic: A History of Political Thought in France Since the Eighteenth Century. Oxford University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-19-820313-1.
^Richter, Melvin (2004). "Tocqueville and Guizot on democracy: from a type of society to a political regime". History of European Ideas. 30 (1): 61–82. doi:10.1016/j.histeuroideas.2003.08.006. S2CID 143728735.
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Alexis Charles Henri Clérel, comte deTocqueville (/ˈtɒkvɪl, ˈtoʊkvɪl/ TO(H)K-vil, French: [alɛksi də tɔkvil]; 29 July 1805 – 16 April 1859), usually...
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