Age of acquisition (AOA or AoA) is a psycholinguistic variable referring to the age at which a word is typically learned. For example, the word 'penguin' is typically learned at a younger age than the word 'albatross'. Studies in psycholinguistics suggest that age of acquisition has an effect on the speed of reading words.[1][2] The findings have demonstrated that early-acquired words are processed more quickly than later-acquired words.[3][4][5] It is a particularly strong variable in predicting the speed of picture naming.[6][7] It has been generally found that words that are more frequent, shorter, more familiar and refer to concrete concepts are learned earlier than the counterparts in simple words [8] and compound words, together with their respective lexemes.[9] In addition, the AoA effect has been demonstrated in several languages [10][11] and in bilingual speakers.[12][13]
^"Age-of-Acquisition Effects in Word and Picture Identification".
^Elsherif, M. M.; Preece, E.; Catling, J. C. (2023-01-09). "Age-of-acquisition effects: A literature review". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 49 (5): 812–847. doi:10.1037/xlm0001215. ISSN 1939-1285. PMID 36622701. S2CID 255545091.
^Meschyan, Gayane; Hernandez, Arturo (2002-03-01). "Age of acquisition and word frequency: Determinants of object-naming speed and accuracy". Memory & Cognition. 30 (2): 262–269. doi:10.3758/BF03195287. ISSN 1532-5946. PMID 12035888.
^Morrison, Catriona M.; Ellis, Andrew W.; Quinlan, Philip T. (1992-11-01). "Age of acquisition, not word frequency, affects object naming, not object recognition". Memory & Cognition. 20 (6): 705–714. doi:10.3758/BF03202720. ISSN 1532-5946. PMID 1435273.
^Catling, J. C.; Elsherif, M. M. (2020-09-01). "The hunt for the age of acquisition effect: It's in the links!". Acta Psychologica. 209: 103138. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103138. ISSN 0001-6918. PMID 32805435. S2CID 221165538.
^Brysbaert, Marc; Ellis, Andrew W. (2016-11-01). "Aphasia and age of acquisition: are early-learned words more resilient?". Aphasiology. 30 (11): 1240–1263. doi:10.1080/02687038.2015.1106439. ISSN 0268-7038. S2CID 4830641.
^Perret, Cyril; Bonin, Patrick (2019-12-01). "Which variables should be controlled for to investigate picture naming in adults? A Bayesian meta-analysis". Behavior Research Methods. 51 (6): 2533–2545. doi:10.3758/s13428-018-1100-1. ISSN 1554-3528. PMID 30066263.
^"CogLab: Age of Acquisition". coglab.cengage.com. Retrieved 2017-05-16.
^Elsherif, M.M.; Catling, J.C.; Frisson, S. (May 2020). "Two words as one: A multi-naming investigation of the age-of-acquisition effect in compound-word processing". Memory & Cognition. 48 (4): 511–525. doi:10.3758/s13421-019-00986-6. ISSN 0090-502X. PMC 7242258. PMID 31755026.
^Chang, Ya-Ning; Lee, Chia-Ying (2020-12-01). "Age of acquisition effects on traditional Chinese character naming and lexical decision". Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 27 (6): 1317–1324. doi:10.3758/s13423-020-01787-8. ISSN 1531-5320. PMC 7704508. PMID 32789580.
^Łuniewska, Magdalena; Haman, Ewa; Armon-Lotem, Sharon; Etenkowski, Bartłomiej; Southwood, Frenette; Anđelković, Darinka; Blom, Elma; Boerma, Tessel; Chiat, Shula; de Abreu, Pascale Engel; Gagarina, Natalia (2016-09-01). "Ratings of age of acquisition of 299 words across 25 languages: Is there a cross-linguistic order of words?". Behavior Research Methods. 48 (3): 1154–1177. doi:10.3758/s13428-015-0636-6. ISSN 1554-3528. PMID 26276517. S2CID 39703538.
^Izura, Cristina; Ellis, Andrew W (2004-02-01). "Age of acquisition effects in translation judgement tasks". Journal of Memory and Language. 50 (2): 165–181. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2003.09.004. ISSN 0749-596X.
^Dirix, Nicolas; Duyck, Wouter (2017-12-01). "The first- and second-language age of acquisition effect in first- and second-language book reading". Journal of Memory and Language. 97: 103–120. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2017.07.012. ISSN 0749-596X. S2CID 140116885.
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