This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: the article is full of vague academic jargon and generally gives far too much weight to individual studies with small sample sizes. Please help improve this article if you can.(November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Cognitive effects of bilingualism" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR(August 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
Bilingualism, a subset of multilingualism,[1][2] means having proficiency in two or more languages.[3] A bilingual individual is traditionally defined as someone who understands and produces two or more languages on a regular basis.[4] A bilingual individual's initial exposure to both languages may start in early childhood, e.g. before age 3,[5] but exposure may also begin later in life, in monolingual or bilingual education. Equal proficiency in a bilingual individuals' languages is rarely seen as it typically varies by domain.[6] For example, a bilingual individual may have greater proficiency for work-related terms in one language, and family-related terms in another language.[4]
Being bilingual has been linked to a number of cognitive benefits.[7] Research on how a bilingual individual's first language (L1) and second language (L2) interact shows that both languages have an influence on the function of one another and on cognitive function outside of language. Research on executive functions like working memory, perception, and attentional and inhibitory control, suggests that bilinguals can benefit from significant cognitive advantages over monolingual peers in various settings.[7] There are also age-related benefits which seem to protect against cognitive decline in older adults.
Throughout the history of research into the cognitive advantages of bilingualism, views have shifted from a subtractive to an additive perspective:[8] it is now believed that being bilingual adds to an individual's abilities rather than subtracting from it.
There is, however, strong disagreement over how findings on this subject should be interpreted.[9] Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of executive functioning studies have failed to find compelling evidence for cognitive advantages in healthy adults[10] or in participants across a broader age range.[11] Moreover, the distribution of effect sizes in meta-analyses suggest publication bias, or that the reporting of bilingualism effects on executive functioning give a distorted view of the evidence.[11]
^Hakuta K., Diaz R. M. (1985). "The relationship between degree of bilingualism and cognitive ability: a critical discussion and some new longitudinal data.". In Nelson K. E. (ed.). Children's Language, vol.5. Erlbaum. pp. 320–344.
^Bialystok E (1999). "Cognitive complexity and attentional control in the bilingual mind". Child Development. 70 (3): 636–644. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00046.
^Abutalebi, J.; Perani, D. (2015-01-01), Toga, Arthur W. (ed.), "Bilingualism", Brain Mapping, Waltham: Academic Press, pp. 469–473, ISBN 978-0-12-397316-0, retrieved 2022-11-08
^ abGrosjean F, Li P (2013). The Psycholinguistics of Bilingualism. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4443-3279-7.
^Baker C (2006). Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism.
^Tao, Lily; Wang, Gongting; Zhu, Miaomiao; Cai, Qing (2021-06-01). "Bilingualism and domain-general cognitive functions from a neural perspective: A systematic review". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 125: 264–295. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.029. ISSN 0149-7634. PMID 33631315. S2CID 231991872.
^ ab"The Cognitive Benefits of Being Bilingual". Dana Foundation. Retrieved 2020-02-10.
^Cook V. (1997). "The consequences of bilingualism for cognitive processing". Tutorials in Bilingualism: Psycholinguistic Perspectives: 279–300.
^Konnikova, Maria (2015-01-22). "Is Bilingualism Really an Advantage?". The New Yorker.
^Lehtonen M, Soveri A, Laine A, Järvenpää J, de Bruin A, Antfolk J (April 2018). "Is bilingualism associated with enhanced executive functioning in adults? A meta-analytic review" (PDF). Psychological Bulletin. 144 (4): 394–425. doi:10.1037/bul0000142. hdl:10810/26594. PMID 29494195. S2CID 4444068.
^ abDonnelly, Seamus; Brooks, Patricia J.; Homer, Bruce D. (2019-02-27). "Is there a bilingual advantage on interference-control tasks? A multiverse meta-analysis of global reaction time and interference cost". Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 26 (4): 1122–1147. doi:10.3758/s13423-019-01567-z. ISSN 1531-5320. PMID 30815795.
and 28 Related for: Cognitive effects of bilingualism information
switching. Much of the current research on cognitiveeffectsofbilingualism studies the potential relationship between bilingualism and executive function;...
focuses on the effectsofbilingual education specifically, see Cognitiveeffectsofbilingualism for information about the effectsofbilingualism or multilingualism...
Bimodal bilingualism is an individual or community's bilingual competency in at least one oral language and at least one sign language, which utilize two...
Simultaneous bilingualism is a form ofbilingualism that takes place when a child becomes bilingual by learning two languages from birth. According to...
Rajan A, Chaudhuri JR, Mioshi E, et al. (January 2016). "Impact ofBilingualism on Cognitive Outcome After Stroke" (PDF). Stroke. 47 (1): 258–261. doi:10...
of education, it has been shown that bilingualism enhances attention and cognitive control in both children and older adults and delays the onset of dementia...
ofBilingualism and Bilingual Education. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 978-1853593628. Look up multilingual, multilingualism, bilingual, or bilingualism...
In cognitive science and neuropsychology, executive functions (collectively referred to as executive function and cognitive control) are a set of cognitive...
lifelong bilingualism can delay symptoms of dementia. It is believed that bilingualism contributes to cognitive reserve by preventing effectsofcognitive delay...
The effectsof language brokering are not limited to feelings around brokering. Considering the literature on the cognitive advantages ofbilingualism, and...
Gollan, T. H.; Silverberg, N. B. (2001). "Tip-of-the-tongue states in Hebrew–English bilinguals". Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. 4 (1): 63–83. doi:10...
is bilingualism, she also examines the effect of musical training on the same elements ofcognitive development and cognitive aging. Bilingualism has...
Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches, 531-553. De Groot, Annette M. B. (2012-11-05). "Bilingualism and Cognition". The Encyclopedia of Applied...
Various researchers have undertaken efforts to examine the psychological effectsof Internet use. Some research employs studying brain functions in Internet...
Bilingualism is the regular use of two fluent languages, and bilinguals are those individuals who need and use two (or more) languages in their everyday...
(2010). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the cognitive correlates ofbilingualism. Review of Educational Research, 80(2), 207-245. doi:10.3102/0034654310368803...
predicts cognate effects and metalinguistic awareness in preschool bilinguals". International Journal ofBilingual Education and Bilingualism. 25 (3): 922–941...
language acquisition: New insights with particular reference to bilingualism research". Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. 21 (5): 883–885. doi:10.1017/S1366728918001025...
language loss in both first and second languages, in addition to the area ofbilingualism. Before infants can speak, the neural circuits in their brains are...
Moldovan-born American psycholinguist, cognitive scientist, and psychologist known for her research on bilingualism and multilingualism. She is the Ralph...
which learning must take place for bilingualism to be considered simultaneous. Generally, the term sequential bilingualism applies only if the child is approximately...
Leon. A. (April 1962). Effectsof Repeated Stimulation on Cognitive Aspects of Behavior: Some Experiments on the Phenomenon of Semantic Satiation (PhD)...
Walter (2002). "The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system: From identification to decision". Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. 5 (3):...
Athanasopoulos, Panos (2009), "Cognitive representation of colour in bilinguals: The case of Greek blues", Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12 (1):...
Cognitive pretesting, or cognitive interviewing, is a field research method where data is collected on how the subject answers interview questions. It...
"The effectsofbilingualism on the white matter structure of the brain". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America...
Global Information
