Affirmative action in the United States information
Legality of affirmative action in the United States by state
Affirmative action and other forms of selective employment are banned
Affirmative action and other forms of selective employment are not banned
In the United States, affirmative action consists of government-mandated, government-approved, and voluntary private programs granting special consideration to groups considered or classified as historically excluded, specifically racial minorities and women.[1][2] These programs tend to focus on access to education and employment in order to redress the disadvantages[3][4][5][6][7] associated with past and present discrimination.[8] Another goal of affirmative action policies is to ensure that public institutions, such as universities, hospitals, and police forces, are more representative of the populations they serve.[9]
As of 2024, affirmative action rhetoric has been increasingly replaced by emphasis on diversity, equity, and inclusion and nine states explicitly ban its use in the employment process.[10][11] The Supreme Court in 2023 explicitly rejected race-based affirmative action in college admissions in Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard. The Court held that affirmative action programs "lack sufficiently focused and measurable objectives warranting the use of race, unavoidably employ race in a negative manner, involve racial stereotyping, and lack meaningful end points. We have never permitted admissions programs to work in that way, and we will not do so today".[12][13][14]
^Messerli, Joe (April 2010). "Should affirmative action policies, which give preferential treatment based on minority status, be eliminated?". BalancedPolitics.org. Retrieved March 3, 2015.
^Feinberg, Walter (September 15, 2005). Lafollette, Hugh (ed.). "Affirmative Action". The Oxford Handbook of Practical Ethics. 1. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199284238.003.0012.
^Herring, Cedric (Spring 1995). "African Americans and disadvantage in the U.S. labor market". Perspectives. 2 (1). Pdf.
^Chubb, C; Melis, S; Potter, L; Storry, R (2008). The global gender pay gap(PDF). International Trade Union Confederation. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
^Butto, James; Moore, Kelli N; Rienzo, Barbara A. (2006). Supporting diversity works: African American male and female employment in six Florida cities(PDF). Western Journal of Black Studies. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
^Obama, Barack (April 20, 2010). "Presidential Proclamation – National Equal Pay Day". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on February 16, 2017. Retrieved May 5, 2010 – via National Archives.
^"Median Weekly Earnings, by sex and race". U.S. Department of Labor. 2008. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
^Zalta, Edward N., ed. (December 28, 2001). "Affirmative Action". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2013 ed.). Retrieved November 26, 2013.
^Anderson, Elizabeth S.; Rawls, John; Thurnau, Arthur F. (July 2008). "Race, gender, and affirmative action (resource page for teaching and study)". University of Michigan. Archived from the original on June 4, 2010. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
^Nino Monea, "Next on the Chopping Block: The Litigation Campaign against Race-Conscious Policies Beyond Affirmative Action in University Admissions." (SSRN 4440549, 2023) online
^Schwarzschild, Maimon and Heriot, Gail L., Race Preferences, Diversity, and Students for Fair Admissions: A New Day, a New Clarity (January 16, 2024). SMU Law Review, Forthcoming (2024), San Diego Legal Studies Paper No. 24-003, online
^Ariana Baio, "Supreme Court strikes down affirmative action, banning colleges from factoring race in admissions: In a 6 -3 decision, the Supreme Court ruled higher education institutions may not consider race as a factor in admissions" The Independent (29 June 2023) online
^Dan Morgan, "Supreme Court rejects affirmative action at colleges as unconstitutional" CNBC June 29, 2023 online
^Cara McClellan, "When Claims Collide: Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard and the Meaning of Discrimination." U of Penn Law School, Public Law Research Paper 23-20 (2023). online
and 26 Related for: Affirmative action in the United States information
IntheUnitedStates, affirmativeaction consists of government-mandated, government-approved, and voluntary private programs granting special consideration...
given preference or special consideration in selection processes. IntheUnitedStates, affirmativeaction by executive order originally meant selection...
An affirmativeaction bake sale is a type of campus protest event used by student groups to performatively criticize affirmativeaction policies by charging...
placenames or colonial statues and the Afrikaans language with English at "historically white universities". Affirmativeaction bake sale Angry white male Birtherism...
AffirmativeAction Around the World: An Empirical Study is a 2004 nonfiction work by economist Thomas Sowell. Already known as a critic of affirmative...
Achievement gaps intheUnitedStates are observed, persistent disparities in measures of educational performance among subgroups of U.S. students, especially...
was the first electoral test of affirmativeaction policies in North America. It passed with 55% in favor to 45% opposed, thereby banning affirmative action...
on affirmativeaction consistently coincide with the way that libertarians view the state as a coercive power. Many libertarians believe that the state...
Affirmativeaction refers to activities or policies that seek to help groups that are often affected by discrimination obtain equal access to opportunities...
religion, sex or national origin." The phrase affirmativeaction had appeared previously in Executive Order 10925 in 1961. It followed up Executive Order...
TheUnitedStates of America is a federal republic consisting of 50 states, a federal district (Washington, D.C., the capital city of theUnited States)...
acceptable. More recently, the term color blind has appeared inUnitedStates Supreme Court opinions involving affirmativeaction, in opinions that support...
in October. Affirmativeaction Ethnic penalty "Philadelphia Plan | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved December 5, 2018. "The Philadelphia...
include the statute of limitations, the statute of frauds, waiver, and other affirmative defenses such as, intheUnitedStates, those listed in Rule 8...
athletic recruiting or affirmativeaction. One study of three selective private research universities intheUnitedStates showed the following effects (admissions...
IntheUnitedStates, public holidays are set by federal, state, and local governments and are often observed by closing government offices or giving government...
(2000). AffirmativeactionintheUnitedStates Albert Shanker Labour movement New York City teachers' strike of 1968 Progressivism intheUnitedStates Lartey...
anti-affirmativeaction activist, businessman, and former University of California Regent (1993–2005). He is also the founder and the chairman of the American...
Cutting the Mustard: AffirmativeAction and the Nature of Excellence is a 1987 non-fiction book by civil libertarian and UnitedStates lawyer Marjorie...
outlets intheUnitedStates is the concept of having ownership of media outlets to reflect the demographic population of the area which the media serves...
TheUnitedStates has a racially and ethnically diverse population. At the federal level, race and ethnicity have been categorized separately. The most...
today, was created in 1978 with Executive Order 12086 by President Jimmy Carter through a consolidation of all theAffirmativeAction enforcement responsibilities...
Chinese for AffirmativeAction (CAA) is a San Francisco–based advocacy organization. Founded in 1969, its initial goals were equality of access to employment...
Religion intheUnitedStates is widespread, diverse, and vibrant, with the country being far more religious than other wealthy Western nations. An overwhelming...
Global Information