A specific branch of contrast-enhanced ultrasound, acoustic angiography is a minimally invasive and non-ionizing medical imaging technique used to visualize vasculature.[1] Acoustic angiography was first developed by the Dayton Laboratory at North Carolina State University[1] and provides a safe, portable, and inexpensive alternative to the most common methods of angiography such as Magnetic Resonance Angiography and Computed Tomography Angiography. Although ultrasound does not traditionally exhibit the high resolution of MRI or CT, high-frequency ultrasound (HFU) achieves relatively high resolution by sacrificing some penetration depth.[2] HFU typically uses waves between 20 and 100 MHz and achieves resolution of 16-80μm at depths of 3-12mm.[2] Although HFU has exhibited adequate resolution to monitor things like tumor growth in the skin layers,[2] on its own it lacks the depth and contrast necessary for imaging blood vessels.[3] Acoustic angiography overcomes the weaknesses of HFU by combining contrast-enhanced ultrasound with the use of a dual-element ultrasound transducer to achieve high resolution visualization of blood vessels at relatively deep penetration levels.
Acoustic angiography is performed by first injecting specially designed microbubbles with a low resonant frequency into the vessels. Next, a low-frequency transducer element with good depth penetration is used to send ultrasound waves into the sample at the resonant frequency of the microbubbles.[3] This will generate a response from the microbubbles consisting of subharmonic, fundamental, and super-harmonic frequencies, as well as a response from the surrounding tissue consisting of only the fundamental and second-harmonic frequencies.[1] Finally, a high-frequency transducer with high resolution is used to measure the super-harmonic frequencies, effectively removing any background signal from the microbubble signal, and allowing the vessels to be visualized[3]
^ abcGessner, Ryan C.; Frederick, C. Brandon; Foster, F. Stuart; Dayton, Paul A. (2013). "Acoustic Angiography: A New Imaging Modality for Assessing Microvasculature Architecture". International Journal of Biomedical Imaging. 2013: 936593. doi:10.1155/2013/936593. ISSN 1687-4188. PMC 3730364. PMID 23997762.
^ abcBezugly, A. (2015).High frequency ultrasound study of skin tumors in dermatological and aesthetic practice. Medical Ultrasonography, 17(4). https://doi.org/10.11152/mu.2013.2066.174.hfy
^ abcShelton, S. E., Lindsey, B. D., Tsuruta, J. K., Foster, F. S., & Dayton, P. A. (2016). Molecular Acoustic Angiography: A New Technique for High-resolution Superharmonic Ultrasound Molecular Imaging. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 42(3), 769-781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.10.015
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