Basic time-of-flight principles applied to laser range-finding
This information can then be used to measure velocity or path length, or as a way to learn about the particle or medium's properties (such as composition or flow rate). The traveling object may be detected directly (direct time of flight, dToF, e.g., via an ion detector in mass spectrometry) or indirectly (indirect time of flight, iToF, e.g., by light scattered from an object in laser doppler velocimetry). Time of flight technology has found valuable applications in the monitoring and characterization of material and biomaterials, hydrogels included.[1][2]
^Lamanna, Leonardo; Rizzi, Francesco; Demitri, Christian; Pisanello, Marco; Scarpa, Elisa; Qualtieri, Antonio; Sannino, Alessandro; De Vittorio, Massimo (2018-08-01). "Determination of absorption and structural properties of cellulose-based hydrogel via ultrasonic pulse-echo time-of-flight approach". Cellulose. 25 (8): 4331–4343. doi:10.1007/s10570-018-1874-4. ISSN 1572-882X.
^Maffezzoli, A.; Luprano, A.M.; Montagna, G.; Nicolais, L. (1998-01-31). "Ultrasonic characterization of water sorption in poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 67 (5): 823–831. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19980131)67:5<823::AID-APP7>3.0.CO;2-V. ISSN 0021-8995.
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