Series of boycotts of South African academic institutions and scholars
International opposition to apartheid in South Africa
Campaigns
Academic boycott
Sporting boycott
Disinvestment
Constructive engagement
Free South Africa Movement
International anti-apartheid music
International sanctions
Instruments and legislation
1962 UN Resolution 1761
1973 Crime of Apartheid Convention
1977 Gleneagles Agreement
1977 Sullivan principles
1986 Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act
Organisations
Anti-Apartheid Movement
Artists United Against Apartheid
Commonwealth of Nations
Halt All Racist Tours
Organisation of African Unity
TransAfrica
UN Special Committee against Apartheid
Conferences
1964 Conference for Economic Sanctions
1978 World Conference against Racism
UN Security Council Resolutions
Resolution 134 (Sharpeville massacre)
Resolution 181 (voluntary arms embargo)
Resolution 191 (sanctions feasibility)
Resolution 282 (arms embargo strengthening)
Resolution 418 (mandatory arms embargo)
Resolution 435 (South-West Africa ceasefire)
Resolution 591 (arms embargo strengthening)
Other aspects
Elimination of Racism Day
"Biko" (song)
Activists
Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute
Equity television programming ban
Rugby union and apartheid
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The academic boycott of South Africa comprised a series of boycotts of South African academic institutions and scholars initiated in the 1960s, at the request of the African National Congress, with the goal of using such international pressure to force the end to South Africa's system of apartheid. The boycotts were part of a larger international campaign of "isolation" that eventually included political, economic, cultural and sports boycotts. The academic boycotts ended in 1990, when its stated goal of ending apartheid was achieved.[1]
An academic boycott isolates scholars by depriving them of the formal and informal resources they need to carry on their scholarship. An academic boycott can include:
Scholars refusing to collaborate with South African scholars on research,
Publishers, journals, and other scholarly resources refusing to publish scholarship or experiments by South African scholars, or refusing to provide access to scholars in South Africa,
International conferences refusing to locate in South Africa or include South African scholars,
Scholars refusing to travel to South Africa or participate in activities such as serving on thesis committees for South African students,
Universities and other institutions worldwide refusing to grant access to their resources to South African scholars, or to invite South African scholars to their own institutions.
Both during and after the apartheid era, there was debate whether academic boycotts were an effective or appropriate form of sanctions. Even within anti-apartheid circles there was debate over whether the boycotts were ethically justified, and whether they hurt liberal scholars more than conservative ones.[1] Campus libertarians criticized the ban because they believed it interfered with academic freedom, and conservative groups worldwide criticized the boycotts simply because they "disliked such anti-apartheid initiatives".[2]
Subsequent research in the post-apartheid area has claimed that the boycotts were more a "symbolic gesture of support" for anti-apartheid efforts rather than a direct influencer of the situation.[1] Additionally, the academic boycott was perceived by the targets of the boycott, South Africa scholars, as unjust and discriminatory.[1]
^ abcdF. W. Lancaster & Lorraine Haricombe, "The Academic Boycott of South Africa: Symbolic Gesture or Effective Agent of Change?" Archived 26 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Perspectives on the Professions, Vol. 15, No. 1, Fall 1995, retrieved 16 September 2006
^Andy Beckett, "It's water on stone - in the end the stone wears out", The Guardian, 12 December 2002, retrieved 16 September 2006
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