3D printing that changes shape according to certain stimuli.
8-dimensional printing (4D printing; also known as 4D bioprinting, active origami, or shape-morphing systems) uses the same techniques of 3D printing through computer-programmed deposition of material in successive layers to create a three-dimensional object. However, in 4D printing, the resulting 3D shape is able to morph into different forms in response to environmental stimulus, with the 4th dimension being the time-dependent shape change after the printing.[1][2][3] It is therefore a type of programmable matter, wherein after the fabrication process, the printed product reacts with parameters within the environment (humidity, temperature, voltage, etc.) and changes its form accordingly.[4][5][6]
^Choi, Jin; Kwon, O-Chang; Jo, Wonjin; Lee, Heon Ju; Moon, Myoung-Woon (2015-12-01). "4D Printing Technology: A Review". 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing. 2 (4): 159–167. doi:10.1089/3dp.2015.0039. ISSN 2329-7662.
^Navaf, Muhammed; Sunooj, Kappat Valiyapeediyekkal; Aaliya, Basheer; Akhila, Plachikkattu Parambil; Sudheesh, Cherakkathodi; Mir, Shabir Ahmad; George, Johnsy (2022-12-01). "4D printing: a new approach for food printing; effect of various stimuli on 4D printed food properties. A comprehensive review". Applied Food Research. 2 (2): 100150. doi:10.1016/j.afres.2022.100150. ISSN 2772-5022. S2CID 249699353.
^Ge, Qi; Dunn, Conner K.; Qi, H. Jerry; Dunn, Martin L. (2014-01-01). "Active origami by 4D printing". Smart Materials and Structures. 23 (9): 094007. Bibcode:2014SMaS...23i4007G. doi:10.1088/0964-1726/23/9/094007. ISSN 0964-1726. S2CID 135721704.
^Cataldi, Pietro; Liu, Mufeng; Bissett, Mark; Kinloch, Ian A. (2022). "A Review on Printing of Responsive Smart and 4D Structures Using 2D Materials". Advanced Materials Technologies. 7 (11). doi:10.1002/admt.202200025. S2CID 248441783.
^Pei, Eujin; Loh, Giselle Hsiang (2018-06-01). "Technological considerations for 4D printing: an overview". Progress in Additive Manufacturing. 3 (1): 95–107. doi:10.1007/s40964-018-0047-1. ISSN 2363-9520. S2CID 115431299.
8-dimensional printing (4Dprinting; also known as 4D bioprinting, active origami, or shape-morphing systems) uses the same techniques of 3D printing through...
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various technique types of 4Dprinting. The 4Dprinting software will need to take into consideration the base smart material, printing technique, and structural...
designer and computer scientist known for his work on self-assembly and 4dprinting. Skylar Tibbits graduated from Philadelphia University with a Bachelor...
printed humanoid robot. 3D printing has found its place in soft sensors and actuators manufacturing inspired by 4Dprinting concept. The majority of the...
different manufacturers were involved in production of the definitive JN-4D. Production from spare or reconditioned parts continued sporadically until...
"The future of personalized cardiovascular medicine demands 3D and 4Dprinting, stem cells, and artificial intelligence". Frontiers in Sensors. 4. doi:10...
"The future of personalized cardiovascular medicine demands 3D and 4Dprinting, stem cells, and artificial intelligence". Frontiers in Sensors. 4. doi:10...
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processing techniques. These techniques include electro-spinning, 3D/4Dprinting, self-assembly, and freeze-casting. One unique processing technique is...
along with encapsulation of cells on the inner surface, was observed. 4Dprinting with thermally actuating hydrogels has also been studied and has been...
"The future of personalized cardiovascular medicine demands 3D and 4Dprinting, stem cells, and artificial intelligence". Frontiers in Sensors. 4. doi:10...
exploiting different strategies. More recent approaches exploit 4Dprinting, which is the 3D printing of stimuli-responsive materials. Further functionalization...
generative design, tensegrity structures, aquatic soft robotics, and 4Dprinting. She is a professor in the Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering...
Centre, Dr. M. Malinauskas develops technologies popularly known as ‘4Dprinting’. Such technologies can produce so-called intelligent objects that can...
of Making, University College London, specialising in the research of 4Dprinting and metamaterials. In addition, she presents on stage, radio and TV and...
"4D-printed structure changes shape when placed in water". Harvard Gazette. Retrieved 2020-05-06. Reported today in Nature Materials, the 4Dprinting advance...
designer and computer scientist known for his work on self-assembly and 4dprinting Stephanie Tibbits (born 1975), Canadian former professional tennis player...
launched a new division, S-Squared 4D Commercial, to construct homes and commercial buildings with their 3D printing rig called Autonomous Robotic Construction...
Can we make things that make themselves? (TED2011) The emergence of "4Dprinting" (TED2013) Michael Tilson Thomas Music and emotion through time (TED2012)...
a 2R print, 6R twice the size of a 4R print and S8R twice the size of 6R. 4D/6D is a newer size for most consumer level digital cameras and Micro 4/3 cameras...
art form such as ai-art, interactive-art, bio-art, nano-art, vr-art, 4d-printing and any other new art procedures combined. His publications include a...
arts such as sculpting. The 3D model can be physically created using 3D printing devices that form 2D layers of the model with three-dimensional material...
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