3rd-century queen of the Palmyrene Empire in Syria
For other uses, see Zenobia (disambiguation).
Zenobia 𐡡𐡶𐡦𐡡𐡩
Augusta
Zenobia as empress on the obverse of an antoninianus (AD 272)
Empress of Palmyra
Reign
AD 272
Co-monarch
Vaballathus
Queen of Egypt
Reign
270–272
Queen mother (regent) of Palmyra
Regency
267–272
Monarch
Vaballathus
Queen consort of Palmyra
Tenure
260–267
Born
Septimia Btzby (Bat-Zabbai) c. 240 Palmyra, Syria
Died
After 274
Spouse
Odaenathus
Issue
Vaballathus
Hairan II
Septimius Antiochus
Names
Septimia Zenobia (Bat-Zabbai)
Regnal name
Septimia Zenobia Augusta
House
House of Odaenathus
Septimia Zenobia (Palmyrene Aramaic: 𐡡𐡶𐡦𐡡𐡩, Bat-Zabbai; c. 240 – c. 274) was a third-century queen of the Palmyrene Empire in Syria. Many legends surround her ancestry; she was probably not a commoner and she married the ruler of the city, Odaenathus. Her husband became king in 260, elevating Palmyra to supreme power in the Near East by defeating the Sasanian Empire of Persia and stabilizing the Roman East. After Odaenathus' assassination, Zenobia became the regent of her son Vaballathus and held de facto power throughout his reign.
In 270, Zenobia launched an invasion that brought most of the Roman East under her sway and culminated with the annexation of Egypt. By mid-271 her realm extended from Ancyra, central Anatolia, to Upper Egypt, although she remained nominally subordinate to Rome. However, in reaction to the campaign of the Roman emperor Aurelian in 272, Zenobia declared her son emperor and assumed the title of empress, thus declaring Palmyra's secession from Rome. The Romans were victorious after heavy fighting; the empress was besieged in her capital and captured by Aurelian, who exiled her to Rome, where she spent the remainder of her life.
Zenobia was a cultured monarch and fostered an intellectual environment in her court, which was open to scholars and philosophers. She was tolerant toward her subjects and protected religious minorities. The empress maintained a stable administration, which governed a multicultural, multiethnic empire. Zenobia died after 274, and many tales have been recorded about her fate. Her rise and fall have inspired historians, artists and novelists, and she is a patriotic symbol in Syria.
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