Global InformationZapaleri information
| Zapaleri | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 5,643 m (18,514 ft)[1] |
| Listing |
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| Coordinates | 22°48′57″S 67°10′48″W / 22.81583°S 67.18000°W |
| Geography | |
 Zapaleri, right down on the map
| |
| Countries | Argentina, Bolivia and Chile |
| Parent range | Andes |
Zapaleri is a volcano whose summit is the tripoint of the borders of Argentina, Bolivia and Chile. A number of railways are in the area.[2] It is part of Potosí Department (Bolivia), Jujuy Province (Argentina), and Antofagasta Region (Chile).[citation needed] The volcano formed on top of the 2.89 mya Tara Ignimbrite from the Guacha caldera[3] and the basement beneath the volcano is formed from Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks affected by tectonic deformation. Volcanic rocks are andesite, basalt, dacite and rhyolite.[4] Late Cretaceous rocks are also found in the area,[5] as are Pleistocene shoshonite volcanic rocks.[6]
The Bolivian portion of the mountain is protected within Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve. Moreover, it is close to the sector Salar de Tara-Salar de Aguas Calientes of Los Flamencos National Reserve, Chile.[citation needed]
Zapaleri is associated with a major source of obsidian,[7] with a distribution sphere found in archeological sites over 350 kilometres (220 mi) wide.[8] The obsidian is found on the Bolivian side of the border next to Laguna Blanca. Another source is found on Solterio Mountain.[9] Inca and earlier archeological remains are associated with the obsidian sites.[10]
- ^ "Cerro Zapaleri". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2021-06-29.
- ^ Benedetti, Alejandro (December 2005). "El ferrocarril Huaytiquina, entre el progreso y el fracaso. Aproximaciones desde la geografía histórica del territorio de los Andes". Revista Escuela de Historia (in Spanish) (4): 123–165. ISSN 1669-9041. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
- ^ Ort, Michael H.; de Silva, Shanaka L.; Jiménez C., Néstor; Jicha, Brian R.; Singer, Bradley S. (January 2013). "Correlation of ignimbrites using characteristic remanent magnetization and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, Central Andes, Bolivia". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 14 (1): 141–157. doi:10.1029/2012GC004276.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Biblioserverwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Bogdanic, T. C.; Espinoza, S. R. (1994). "Tectono-Sedimentary Evolution of the Cretaceous-Early Tertiary and Metallogenic Scheme of Northern Chile, Between 20° S and 26° S". Cretaceous Tectonics of the Andes. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag. p. 229. doi:10.1007/978-3-322-85472-8_5. ISBN 978-3-322-85472-8.
- ^ Coira, Beatríz; Davidson, John; Mpodozis, Constantino; Ramos, Victor (November 1982). "Tectonic and magmatic evolution of the Andes of northern Argentina and Chile". Earth-Science Reviews. 18 (3–4): 303–332. doi:10.1016/0012-8252(82)90042-3.
- ^ Latorre, Claudio; Santoro, Calogero M.; Ugalde, Paula C.; Gayo, Eugenia M.; Osorio, Daniela; Salas-Egaña, Carolina; De Pol-Holz, Ricardo; Joly, Delphine; Rech, Jason A. (October 2013). "Late Pleistocene human occupation of the hyperarid core in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile". Quaternary Science Reviews. 77: 19–30. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.06.008.
- ^ Malainey, Mary E. (2011). "Flaked and Ground Stone Tools". A consumer's guide to archaeological science analytical techniques. Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique (1st ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 275–289. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-5704-7_18. ISBN 978-1-4419-5704-7.
- ^ Yacobaccio, Hugo D; Escola, Patricia S; Pereyra, Fernando X; Lazzari, Marisa; Glascock, Michael D (February 2004). "Quest for ancient routes: obsidian sourcing research in Northwestern Argentina". Journal of Archaeological Science. 31 (2): 193–204. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2003.08.001.
- ^ Seelenfreund, Andrea; Pino, Mario; Glascock, Michael D.; Sinclaire, Carole; Miranda, Pedro; Pasten, Denisse; Cancino, Simón; Dinator, María Inés; Morales, José Roberto (March 2010). "Morphological and geochemical analysis of the Laguna Blanca/Zapaleri obsidian source in the Atacama Puna". Geoarchaeology. 25 (2): 245–263. doi:10.1002/gea.20306.