Whitecapping information

Whitecapping was a violent vigilante movement of farmers in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was originally a ritualized form of extralegal actions to enforce community standards, appropriate behavior, and traditional rights.^[1] However, as it spread throughout the poorest areas of the rural South after the Civil War, white members operated from economically driven and anti-black biases. States passed laws against it, but whitecapping continued into the early 20th century.^[2]

After it was institutionalized in formal law, its legal definition became more general than the specific movement itself: "Whitecapping is the crime of threatening a person with violence. Ordinarily, members of the minority groups are the victims of whitecapping."^[3]

Whitecapping was associated historically with such insurgent groups as The Night Riders, Bald Knobbers, and the Ku Klux Klan. They were known for committing "extralegal acts of violence targeting select groups, carried out by vigilantes under cover of night or disguise."^[4]^[5]

^ McCormick, Chris and Green, Len, eds. Crime and Deviance in Canada: Historical Perspectives. 1st ed. Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press Inc, 2005. pp 54
^ Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Inc., US Legal. "Whitecapping Law and Legal Definition | USLegal, Inc". definitions.uslegal.com. Retrieved 2017-03-14. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ "Night Riders – Encyclopedia of Arkansas". www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net. Retrieved 2017-03-14.
^ Ross, Frances Mitchell (2016). United States District Courts and Judges of Arkansas, 1836–1960. Arkansas: University of Arkansas Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-1610755801.

[1] McCormick, Chris and Green, Len, eds. Crime and Deviance in Canada: Historical Perspectives. 1st ed. Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press Inc, 2005. pp 54

[:3-2] Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[3] Inc., US Legal. "Whitecapping Law and Legal Definition | USLegal, Inc". definitions.uslegal.com. Retrieved 2017-03-14. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)

[4] "Night Riders – Encyclopedia of Arkansas". www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net. Retrieved 2017-03-14.

[:4-5] Ross, Frances Mitchell (2016). United States District Courts and Judges of Arkansas, 1836–1960. Arkansas: University of Arkansas Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-1610755801.

Whitecapping information

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Practices Common actions Expulsions of African Americans Lynchings Lynching postcards Sundown town Whitecapping Vigilante groups Black Legion Indiana White Caps Ku Klux Klan Red Shirts
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Massacres and riots Opelousas massacre Rock Springs massacre Thibodaux massacre Spring Valley Race Riot of 1895 Phoenix election riot Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Pana riot Robert Charles riots Evansville race riot Atlanta Massacre of 1906 Springfield race riot of 1908 Johnson–Jeffries riots 1912 racial conflict in Forsyth County 1917 Chester race riot East St. Louis riots Elaine massacre Red Summer Chicago race riot of 1919 Washington race riot of 1919 Ocoee massacre Tulsa race massacre Perry race riot Rosewood massacre
Reactions Anti-lynching movement Exodusters movement Great Migration Back to Africa movement
Related topics Black genocide Civil rights movement (1865–1896) Civil rights movement (1896–1954) Mass racial violence in the United States
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