For other dynasties with the same name, see Xia (disambiguation).
"Xi Xia" and "Xixia" redirect here. For the Chinese general whose name may be transliterated as Xi Xia, see Xi Qia. For locations, see Xixia (disambiguation).
Great Xia
大夏 (白高大夏國) (大白高國)
1038–1227
Location of Western Xia in 1111 (green in north west)
Western Xia in 1150
Capital
Xingqing (modern Yinchuan)
Common languages
Tangut
Chinese
Religion
Buddhism
Taoism
Confucianism
Chinese folk religion
Government
Monarchy
Emperor
• 1038–1048
Emperor Jingzong
• 1139–1193
Emperor Renzong
• 1226–1227
Li Xian (final)
Historical era
Post-classical history
• Rebellion by Li Jiqian against the Song dynasty
984
• Dynasty established by Emperor Jingzong
1038
• Subjugation by the Mongol Empire
1210
• Destruction by the Mongol Empire
1227
Area
1100 est.[1]
1,000,000 km2 (390,000 sq mi)
Population
• peak
3,000,000[2][3][4]
Currency
Barter, copper coins[5][better source needed] See Western Xia coinage
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Dingnan Jiedushi
Xiliangfu
Guiyi Circuit
Gansu Uyghur Kingdom
Liao dynasty
Song dynasty
Mongol Empire
This article contains Tangut text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Tangut characters.
East Asia and Central Asia in AD 1142: the Southern Song dynasty in orange (); the Jin dynasty in grey () in the northeast; the Western Xia in turquoise () and the Western Liao (Qara Khitai) in lime green () in the northwest; and the Dali Kingdom in dark green () in the southwest.
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The Western Xia or the Xi Xia (Chinese: 西夏; pinyin: Xī Xià; Wade–Giles: Hsi1 Hsia4), officially the Great Xia (大夏; Dà Xià; Ta4 Hsia4), also known as the Tangut Empire, and known as Mi-nyak[6] to the Tanguts and Tibetans, was a Tangut-led Buddhist imperial dynasty of China that existed from 1038 to 1227. At its peak, the dynasty ruled over modern-day northwestern China, including parts of Ningxia, Gansu, eastern Qinghai, northern Shaanxi, northeastern Xinjiang, and southwest Inner Mongolia, and southernmost Outer Mongolia, measuring about 800,000 square kilometres (310,000 square miles).[7][8][9]
The capital of Western Xia was Xingqing (modern Yinchuan); another major Xia city and archaeological site is Khara-Khoto. Western Xia was annihilated by the Mongols in 1227. Most of its written records and architecture were destroyed, so the founders and history of the empire remained obscure until 20th-century research in China and the West. Today the Tangut language and its unique script are extinct, only fragments of Tangut literature remain.
The Western Xia occupied the area around the Hexi Corridor, a stretch of the Silk Road, the most important trade route between northern China and Central Asia. They made significant achievements in literature, art, music, and architecture, which was characterized as "shining and sparkling".[10] Their extensive stance among the other empires of the Liao, Song, and Jin was attributable to their effective military organizations that integrated cavalry, chariots, archery, shields, artillery (cannons carried on the back of camels), and amphibious troops for combat on land and water.[11]
^Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
^Kuhn, Dieter (15 October 2011). The Age of Confucian Rule: The Song Transformation of China. Harvard University Press. p. 50. ISBN 9780674062023.
^Bowman, Rocco (2014). "Bounded Empires: Ecological and Geographic Implications in Sino-Tangut Relations, 960-1127" (PDF). The Undergraduate Historical Journal at UC Merced. 2: 11. doi:10.5070/H321025689.
^McGrath, Michael C. Frustrated Empires: The Song-Tangut Xia War of 1038-44. In Wyatt. p. 153.
^Wang, Tianshun [王天顺] (1993). Xixia Zhan Shi [The Battle History of Western Xia] 《西夏战史》. Yinchuan [银川], Ningxia ren min chu ban she [Ningxia People's Press] 宁夏人民出版社.
^Bian, Ren [边人] (2005). Xixia: xiaoshi zai lishi jiyi zhong de guodu [Western Xia: the kingdom lost in historical memories] 《西夏: 消逝在历史记忆中的国度》. Beijing [北京], Waiwen Chubanshe [Foreign Languages Press] 外文出版社.
^Li, Fanwen [李范文] (2005). Xixia tong shi [Comprehensive History of Western Xia] 西夏通史. Beijing [北京] and Yinchuan [银川], Ren min chu ban she [People's Press] 人民出版社; Ningxia ren min chu ban she [Ningxia People's Press] 宁夏人民出版社.
^Zhao, Yanlong [赵彦龙] (2005). "Qian tan xi xia gong wen wen feng yu gong wen zai ti [A brief discussion on the writing style in official documents and documental carrier] 浅谈西夏公文文风与公文载体." Xibei min zu yan jiu [Northwest Nationalities Research] 西北民族研究 45(2): 78-84.
^Qin, Wenzhong [秦文忠], Zhou Haitao [周海涛] and Qin Ling [秦岭] (1998). "Xixia jun shi ti yu yu ke xue ji shu [The military sports, science and technology of West Xia] 西夏军事体育与科学技术." Ningxia Daxue Xuebao [Journal of Ningxia University] 《宁夏大学学报》 79 (2): 48-50.
characters. The WesternXia or the Xi Xia (Chinese: 西夏; pinyin: Xī Xià; Wade–Giles: Hsi1 Hsia4), officially the Great Xia (大夏; Dà Xià; Ta4 Hsia4), also...
characters. Emperor Chongzong of WesternXia (1084–1139), born Li Qianshun (Chinese: 李乾順), was the fourth emperor of the WesternXia dynasty of China, ruling...
military campaigns that ultimately led to the destruction of the Tangut-led WesternXia dynasty in northwestern China. Hoping to both to plunder and acquire...
The WesternXia was a Tangut-led Chinese dynasty which ruled over what are now the northwestern Chinese subdivisions of Ningxia, Gansu, eastern Qinghai...
The Xia dynasty (Chinese: 夏朝; pinyin: Xiàcháo; Wade–Giles: Hsia4-ch‘ao2) is the first dynasty in traditional Chinese historiography. According to tradition...
The WesternXia mausoleums occupy an area of some 50 km2 (19 sq mi) at the foot of the Helan Mountains in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of northwestern...
his power. In 1209, he led a large-scale raid into the neighbouring WesternXia, who agreed to Mongol terms the following year. He then launched a campaign...
Emperor Mo of WesternXia (d. 1227), personal name Li Xian (Chinese: 李晛), was the tenth and last emperor of the WesternXia dynasty of China, ruling from...
Song and the Liao. In the northwest, the Song were in conflict with the WesternXia, since they occupied what the Song considered as Chinese land lost during...
Song dynasty, the Jin dynasty and the WesternXia dynasty. The era ended with the Mongol conquest, as WesternXia fell in 1227, the Jin dynasty in 1234...
Chinese. The full national title of WesternXia was "the Great Xia Kingdom of the White and Mighty," or "Bai Gao Da Xia Guo" (白高大夏国). The term "White" (or...
love for her. Later on, she became the fiancé of the Crown Prince of WesternXia. Lu Xingyu as Ye Zhong Wang Li as Qiu Laohu Wang Xuan as Qiu Hua Pan...
the defeat of the Jin dynasty, Western Liao, WesternXia, Tibet, the Dali Kingdom, the Southern Song, and the Eastern Xia. The Mongol Empire under Genghis...
or other symbols instead of Tangut characters. Emperor Jingzong of WesternXia (1003–1048), born Li Yuanhao (Chinese: 李元昊) or Tuoba Yuanhao (Chinese:...
Mongolian: Тангуд) were a Sino-Tibetan people who founded and inhabited the WesternXia dynasty. The group initially lived under Tuyuhun authority, but later...
history Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms) (407–431), a Xiongnu-led dynasty Xia (617–621), a state founded by Dou Jiande near the end of the Sui dynasty WesternXia (1038–1227)...
The founder of the WesternXia dynasty of China (1038–1227), Li Yuanhao (Emperor Jingzong), established an apparel system for all civil and military officials...
requests were granted. Sitting figures, WesternXia painting, 13th century. Mural depicting men; WesternXia. During the Yuan dynasty, Mongol dress was...
Emperor Renzong of WesternXia (1124 – 16 October 1193), born Li Renxiao (Chinese: 李仁孝), was the fifth emperor of the Tangut-led WesternXia dynasty of China...
lit. 'WesternXia language') is an extinct language in the Sino-Tibetan language family. Tangut was one of the official languages of the WesternXia dynasty...
outside the Jokhang in Lhasa. The WesternXia dynasty was established in the 11th century by the Tangut people. WesternXia controlled from 1038 CE up to...
yuanlingpao, Jurchen Jin dynasty Men wearing round collar robes, WesternXia mural WesternXia men wearing tight-sleeved yuanlingpao After the establishment...
emperor of the Min dynasty Emperor Huizong of WesternXia (1060–1086, reigned 1067–1086), emperor of WesternXia Emperor Huizong of Song (1082–1135, reigned...
monarchical power and who wanted to maintain the peaceful equilibrium with the WesternXia and the Liao Dynasty. Shenzong respected the conservative faction: he...
Emperor Xiangzong of WesternXia (1170–1211), born Li Anquan (Chinese: 李安全), was the seventh emperor of the Tangut-led WesternXia dynasty of China, reigning...
emperor of the Song dynasty Emperor Shenzong of WesternXia (1163–1223, reigned 1211–1223), emperor of WesternXia Wanli Emperor (1563–1620, reigned 1572–1620)...
negotiations with the Tangut-led WesternXia state, and resumed armed conflict which eventually forced WesternXia to enter a more peaceful stance with...
Emperor Jingzong of WesternXia subsequently adopted Weiming (嵬名) as the surname in AD 1032 prior to the establishment of the WesternXia. The ruling house...
descendants launched progressive invasions of China, subjugating the WesternXia in 1209 before destroying them in 1227, defeating the Jin dynasty in...
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