Quality requirements of welded joints depend on the form of application, e.g. in the space or fly industry weld errors are not allowed.[1] Science try to gets good quality welds. There are many scientific articles describing the weld test, e.g. hardness,[2][3][4] tensile tests.[3] The weld structure can be examined by optical microscopy[3][4][5] and scanning electron microscopy.[6][4][5][3] The computer finite element method (FEM) is used to predict the shape of the flash and interface and others, not only for rotary friction welding (RFW),[7] but also for friction stir welding (FSW),[8][9] linear friction welding (LFW),[10] FRIEX,[11] and others. Temperature measurements are also carried out for scientific purposes e.g. by use thermocouples[4][5] or sometimes thermography,[7][5] mentions about measurements are generally found in research materials and journals.
^J. Pilarczyk A. Piotr. (2013). Poradnik inżyniera 1 – spawalnictwo (in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo WNT.
^Siedlec, Robert; Strąk, Cezary; Zybała, Rafał (2016-11-10). "Morfologia złączy kompozytów Al/Al2O3 zgrzewanych tarciowo ze stopem Al 44200". Przegląd Spawalnictwa - Welding Technology Review (in Polish). 88 (11). doi:10.26628/ps.v88i11.706. ISSN 2449-7959.
^ abcdShanjeevi, C.; Satish Kumar, S.; Sathiya, P. (2013). "Evaluation of Mechanical and Metallurgical Properties of Dissimilar Materials by Friction Welding". Procedia Engineering. 64: 1514–1523. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2013.09.233. ISSN 1877-7058.
^ abcdLiu, F. J.; Fu, L.; Chen, H. Y. (2018-02-14). "Effect of high rotational speed on temperature distribution, microstructure evolution, and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 6061-T6 thin plate joints". The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 96 (5–8): 1823–1833. doi:10.1007/s00170-018-1736-0. ISSN 0268-3768.
^ abcdWang, Guilong; Li, Jinglong; Xiong, Jiangtao; Zhou, Wei; Zhang, Fusheng (2018-06-05). "Study on microstructure evolution of AISI 304 stainless steel joined by rotary friction welding". Welding in the World. 62 (6): 1187–1193. doi:10.1007/s40194-018-0613-7. ISSN 0043-2288. S2CID 139498947.
^M. Meisnar, S. Baker, J.M. Bennett, A. Bernad, A. Mostafa, S. Resch, N. Fernandes, A. Norman (2017). "Microstructural characterization of rotary friction welded AA6082 and Ti-6Al-4V dissimilar joints". Materials & Design. 132: 188–197. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2017.07.004.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abNan, Xujing; Xiong, Jiangtao; Jin, Feng; Li, Xun; Liao, Zhongxiang; Zhang, Fusheng; Li, Jinglong (2019). "Modeling of rotary friction welding process based on maximum entropy production principle". Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 37: 21–27. doi:10.1016/j.jmapro.2018.11.016. ISSN 1526-6125. S2CID 139752670.
^Lacki, P.; Kucharczyk, Z.; Śliwa, R.E.; Gałaczyński, T. (2013-06-01). "Effect of Tool Shape on Temperature Field in Friction Stir Spot Welding". Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 58 (2): 595–599. doi:10.2478/amm-2013-0043. ISSN 1733-3490.
^Qin, D. Q.; Fu, L.; Shen, Z. K. (2019-01-15). "Visualisation and numerical simulation of material flow behaviour during high-speed FSW process of 2024 aluminium alloy thin plate". The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 102 (5–8): 1901–1912. doi:10.1007/s00170-018-03241-5. ISSN 0268-3768.
^McAndrew, Anthony R.; Colegrove, Paul A.; Bühr, Clement; Flipo, Bertrand C.D.; Vairis, Achilleas (2018-10-03). "A literature review of Ti-6Al-4V linear friction welding". Progress in Materials Science. 92: 225–257. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.10.003. ISSN 0079-6425.
^Pissanti, Daniela Ramminger; Scheid, Adriano; Kanan, Luis Fernando; Dalpiaz, Giovani; Kwietniewski, Carlos Eduardo Fortis (January 2019). "Pipeline girth friction welding of the UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel". Materials & Design. 162: 198–209. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2018.11.046. ISSN 0264-1275.
and 27 Related for: Weld tests for friction welding information
Frictionwelding (FWR) is a solid-state welding and bonding process that generates heat through mechanical friction between workpieces in relative motion...
Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state joining process that uses a non-consumable tool to join two facing workpieces without melting the workpiece...
generally found in research materials and journals. Frictionwelding Temperature Heat-affected zone Weld quality assurance J. Pilarczyk A. Piotr. (2013)....
magnetic pulse welding, and friction stir welding in the latter half of the century. Today, as the science continues to advance, robot welding is commonplace...
Rotary frictionwelding (RFW) one of the methods of frictionwelding, the classic way of which uses the work of friction to create a not separable weld. Typically...
rheological weldability) for plastics. A number of techniques are used forwelding of semi-finished plastic products as given below: Hot gas welding, also known...
wet weld. Thus, when a very high quality weld is required, dry hyperbaric welding is normally utilized. Research into using dry hyperbaric welding at depths...
frictionwelding machines which are used, for example, in factories to weld engine components such as drive shafts. A portable friction stud welding tool...
Explosion welding (EXW) is a solid state (solid-phase) process where welding is accomplished by accelerating one of the components at extremely high velocity...
TWI Ltd hs been responsible for a number of innovations including the invention of friction stir welding in 1991. The Welding Institute The formation in...
All sections contain welding specifications, however most relevant information is contained in the following: The American Welding Society (AWS) publishes...
produced by steel mills, without any thermite welding. Shorter rails may be welded with flashbutt welding, but the following rail lengths are unwelded...
will be used, such as soldering, mortaring, caulking, Plastic welding, welding, friction fittings, threaded fittings, and compression fittings. Fittings...
limited and only used for specific joints and geometries. Frictionwelding is best used for parts that are small and flat. The welding equipment is often...
technique, friction stir welding, is used to join multiple pieces of metal without creating the heat affected zone typical of fusion welding.: 5, 7 When...
manufacturing. Friction stir welding was discovered in 1991 by The Welding Institute (TWI). This innovative steady state (non-fusion) welding technique joins...
sliding. The process and contact can be compared to cold welding or frictionwelding because cold welding is not truly cold, and the fusing points exhibit an...
manufacturing. Friction stir welding was discovered in 1991 by The Welding Institute (TWI). This innovative steady state (non-fusion) welding technique joins...
as in the process of frictionwelding. Excessive erosion or wear of mating sliding surfaces occurs when work due to frictional forces rise to unacceptable...
their tank designs throughout the war for various reasons, such as lack of welding equipment or inability to weld very thick plates of armor effectively...
produce the weld. Many different energy sources can be used forwelding, including a gas flame, an electric arc, a laser, an electron beam, friction, and ultrasound...
bonded material, and tiny cracks were forming in the welding "pin", the element of a friction-stir weld tool whose rotation, analogous to a drill bit, provides...
gyroscopes for precise positioning and microfluidic devices used in biomedical applications. Friction stir welding, a new type of welding, was discovered...
years later, the first frictionwelding machine went into production. In 1971, the delivery of the first robotic welding system for the S-Class took place...
American Welding Society (AWS) D 1.4 sets out the practices forwelding rebar in the US Without special consideration the only rebar that is ready to weld is...
unsuitable for the pressures and temperatures required) and in the 1920s and 1930s the BPVC included welding as an acceptable means of construction; welding is...
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