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The weather gage (sometimes spelled weather gauge) is the advantageous position of a fighting sailing vessel relative to another. It is also known as "nautical gauge" as it is related to the sea shore. The concept is from the Age of Sail and is now antique. A ship at sea is said to possess the weather gage if it is in any position upwind of the other vessel.[1] Proximity with the land, tidal and stream effects and wind variability due to geography (hills, cliffs, etc.) may also come into play.
An upwind vessel is able to manoeuvre at will toward any downwind point, since the relative wind then moves aft. A vessel downwind of another, in attempting to attack upwind, is constrained to trim sail as the relative wind moves forward and cannot point too far into the wind for fear of being headed. In sailing warfare, when beating to windward, the vessel experiences heeling under the sideward pressure of the wind. This restricts gunnery, as cannon on the windward side are elevated, while the leeward gun ports aim into the sea or in heavy weather may be awash. A ship with the weather gage, turning downwind to attack, may alter course at will to bring starboard and port guns to appropriate elevations. Ships seeking to evade capture or attack have the advantage being downwind if they are faster vessels or are close to friendly land. The term has had a literary rebirth in the popular seafaring novels of C.S. Forester, Patrick O'Brian and Alexander Kent.
One of the last times that weather gage was perhaps a factor in a surface naval engagement was in the Battle of the Denmark Strait in 1941, where the German battleship Bismarck and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen held the weather gage over the British battleship HMS Prince of Wales and the battlecruiser HMS Hood. Being upwind, the German ships had the advantage that their rangefinders were drier than the British rangefinders facing the spray.[2] The weather restricted the visual range to much less than the gun range.
The weather gage is a critical component of aircraft carrier operations. Most carrier aircraft are easier to launch if the aircraft carrier is steaming into the wind to generate stronger apparent winds across the deck that allows for greater lift to be generated at lower actual speeds. The Battle of the Philippine Sea is a notable incident of the advantage of the weather gage for carrier operations. American carriers were upwind of the Japanese carriers. Every time an American aircraft carrier conducted flight operations, they opened the range to the Japanese fleet. Japanese carriers could conduct flight operations while closing the range to the American fleet.
The concept of weather gage is still useful in modern yacht racing, although the term is rarely used. The sails of a boat disrupt the wind to leeward; this disruption is often called "dirt" or "dirty air". An overtaking boat on a downwind course can position itself to focus its dirty air on the boat ahead of it. Conversely, a boat on an upwind course may find itself trapped in the dirty air of a boat immediately to windward. Right-of-way rules give priority to the leeward boat and can make it advantageous to be the boat without the weather gage, especially just before the start or when the boat to leeward can point higher into the wind.
^Keegan, John (1989). The Price of Admiralty. New York: Viking. p. 281. ISBN 0-670-81416-4.
^Regan, G. The Guinness Book of Naval Blunders, p. 175. Guinness Publishing, London 1993.
The weathergage (sometimes spelled weather gauge) is the advantageous position of a fighting sailing vessel relative to another. It is also known as...
maneuverability of a fleet during battles at close quarters. Holding the weathergage, i.e. being upwind of one's opponent, conferred considerable tactical...
During the Age of Sail, the term weather was used as a synonym for windward in some contexts, as in the weathergage. Since it captures rainfall, the...
are made Gage (surname) Gage Golightly (born 1993), American actress Gage Street, Hong Kong Gage, Kentucky Gage, New Mexico Gage, Oklahoma Gage, West Virginia...
its attack, the English tacked upwind of the Armada, thus gaining the weathergage, a significant advantage. At daybreak on 31 July, the English fleet engaged...
however gained an important advantage during the engagement by seizing the weathergage, enabling him to further attack Villaret at a time of his choosing. Three...
gain the upper hand, primarily because the approaching Dutch had the weathergage. The Dutch forced the Swedish fleet to end the blockade of the Danish...
from the east, and again Obdam declined to attack, despite holding the weathergage. The two fleets sailed westward for most of the day, until the wind veered...
fleet actions on 28 and 29 May followed, during which Howe seized the weathergage from Villaret, granting him freedom to choose the time and place of his...
had orders to avoid battle, was cut off from Brest, but retained the weathergage. Manoeuvring was made difficult by changing winds and driving rain, but...
ahead, or line of battle Over-the-beach capability Raking fire Scuttling Weathergage Adrift: Loose and out of control. Typically applied to a ship or vessel...
will supplement the paid weather observer with a network of volunteers to obtain precipitation data (and other types of weather) for sparsely populated...
fleets slowly closed, Russell from the north east, Tourville, with the weathergage, from the south west, on a starboard tack to bring his line of battle...
each seeking the advantage of the weathergage. From 0815, he French were sailing close-hauled and had the weathergage, and around 0930, Destouches ordered...
two fleets had first sighted each other, when the British—who had the weathergage, and therefore the initiative—opened their attack. The battle began with...
squadron, commanded by Sir George Ayscough, who had the advantage of the weathergage, thus preventing Tromp from engaging effectively. Subsequently, Tromp...
archers. He advised the French commanders to put to sea and gain the weathergage, so as to be able to attack the English while they were disembarking...
Battle of Minorca was fought on the following day. Byng had gained the weathergage, which both forces had attempted to gain. However, the two fleets were...
the British Tertiary Volcanic Province. The island was owned by Rev Robert Gage who was also the island's rector. He had two daughters, Adelaide in 1832...
personally relished the fight, preferring the direct attack having the weathergage over line-of-battle tactics. As a result, he had to change ships often:...