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War of the League of the Indies
16th century Portuguese carracks (naus) and galleys
Date
December 1570–1575
Location
Western India and the Straits of Malacca
Result
Portuguese victory
Belligerents
Portuguese Empire
Sultanate of Bijapur
Sultanate of Ahmadnagar
Zamorin of Calicut
Sultanate of Aceh
Co-belligerents:
Princely states of the Kanara coast
Kalinyamat Sultanate
Sultanate of Ternate
Sultanate of Tidore
Sultanate of Golkonda
Commanders and leaders
Dom Luís de Ataíde
Dom Luís Freire de Andrade
Dom Francisco de Mascarenhas
Dom Jorge de Castro
Dom Luís de Melo da Silva
Ali Adil Shah I of Bijapur X
Murtaza Nizam Shah I X
Alauddin al-Kahar
Ali Ri'ayat Syah I
Mana Vikrama of Calicut
Kutti Pokkar Marakkar
Ki Demat
Strength
Over 5,000 soldiers (at the beginning of the war)
1,500 Christian lascarins
1,000 armed slaves
500 militia
over 20 galleons or naus [1]
Unknown
The War of the League of the Indies (December 1570–1575) was a military conflict in which a pan-Asian alliance formed primarily by the Sultanate of Bijapur, the Sultanate of Ahmadnagar, the Kingdom of Calicut, and the Sultanate of Aceh, referred to by the Portuguese historian António Pinto Pereira as the "league of kings of India", "the confederated kings", or simply "the league", attempted to overturn Portuguese presence in the Indian Ocean. This was attempted through a combined assault on some of the main possessions of the Portuguese State of India: Malacca, Chaul, Chale fort, and the capital of the maritime empire in Asia, Goa.
The Portuguese successfully resisted all sieges against the "league", with the exception of a small fort in the outskirts of Calicut that fell to the Zamorin, the ruler of Calicut. It would be the first time the Portuguese formally capitulated in India.[2]
It was a total war, as the Portuguese were forced to mobilize every available means to resist the assault.[3]
v
t
e
Portuguese battles in the Indian Ocean
Cannanore (1501)
Calicut (1503)
Pandarane (1504)
Cochin (1504)
Mombasa (1505)
Cannanore (1506)
Anjadiva (1506)
Barawa (1507)
Socotra (1507)
Hormuz (1507)
Cannanore (1507)
Chaul (1508)
Dabul (1508)
Diu (1509)
Goa (1510)
Malacca (1511)
Aden (1513)
Jeddah (1517)
Goa (1517)
Zeila (1517)
Pago (1520)
Aceh (1521)
Bahrain (1521)
Bintan (1521)
Pedir (1522)
Ash-Shihr (1523)
Muar river (1523)
Pasai (1523–24)
Lingga (1525)
Calicut (1526)
Mombasa (1528)
Aceh (1528)
Bahrain (1529)
Diu (1531)
Ugentana (1535)
Ugentana (1536)
Diu (1538)
Suakin (1541)
Jeddah (1541)
El Tor (1541)
Suez (1541)
Benadir (1542)
Diu (1546)
Perlis River (1547)
Aden (1548)
Al-Shihr (1548)
Qatif (1551)
Malacca (1551)
Muscat (1552)
Strait of Hormuz (1553)
Gulf of Oman (1554)
Bahrain (1559)
Jaffna (1560)
Malacca (1568)
Aceh (1569)
Muscat (1581)
Daman (1581)
Leitao Coast (1586)
Johor (1587)
Jaffna (1591)
Kottakkal (1599–1600)
Bantam (1601)
Aceh (1606)
Malacca (1606)
Cape Rachado (1606)
Swally (1612)
Gulf of Mannar (1612–13)
Cambarão (1614)
Formoso River (1615)
Jaffna (1619)
Qeshm (1621–22)
Hormuz (1622)
Persian Gulf (1625)
Langat River (1628)
Duyon River (1629)
Hooghly (1632)
Julfar (1633)
Sohar (1633–1643)
Goa (1638)
Daman (1638–39)
Mormugão (1639)
Malacca (1641)
Muscat (1650)
Colombo (1654)
Colombo (1654)
Mombasa (1696–98)
Surat (1704)
Calicut (1752)
Portuguese colonial campaigns
v
t
e
Portuguese colonial campaigns
15th century
Morocco (1415)
Morocco (1419)
Morocco (1437)
Morocco (1458)
Morocco (1463-64)
Morocco (1468)
Morocco (1471)
Guinea (1478)
Morocco (1487)
Morocco (1490)
16th century
India (1500-1513)
Algeria (1501)
East Africa (1505)
Indian Ocean (1505–17)
India (1506)
East Africa (1507)
Socotra (1507)
Persian Gulf (1507–15)
India (1508)
India (1509)
India (1510)
Malaysia (1511)
Morocco (1513)
Morocco (1514)
Morocco (1514)
Morocco (1515)
Morocco (1515)
East Africa (1517)
Goa (1517)
Malaysia (1520)
Sri Lanka (1520–1658)
Sumatra (1521)
Bahrain (1521)
Insulindia (1521)
China (1521)
Sumatra (1522)
Arabia (1523)
Malaysia (1523)
Sumatra (1523-24)
Insulindia (1525)
Insulindia (1526)
India (1526)
Java (1527)
Sumatra (1528)
East Africa (1528)
Persian Gulf (1529)
Moluccas (1530–1607)
India (1531)
Tunis (1535)
Malaysia (1535)
Malaysia (1536)
Moluccas (1536)
Brazil (1534-1536)
Indian Ocean (1538–60)
Red Sea (1541)
Red Sea (1541)
Red Sea (1541)
Red Sea (1541)
Ethiopia (1541)
Ethiopia (1542)
East Africa (1542)
Insulindia (1545)
India (1546)
Malaysia (1547)
Arabia (1548)
Arabia (1548)
Persian Gulf (1551)
Malaysia (1551)
Arabia (1552–54)
Gulf of Oman (1554)
Pakistan (1557)
Brazil (1558)
Jaffna (1560)
Japan (1561)
Morocco (1562)
Japan (1565)
Brazil (1567)
Malacca (1568)
Sumatra (1569)
India (1570–75)
Morocco (1578)
Atlantic Ocean (1580–83)
India (1581)
Arabia (1581)
Indian Ocean (1586–89)
Persian Gulf (1586)
Malaysia (1587)
Jaffna (1591)
India (1599)
17th century
Java (1601)
Sumatra (1606)
Malaysia (1606)
Malaysia (1606)
India (1612)
Brazil (1612-1615)
Persian Gulf (1614)
Malaysia (1615)
Jaffna (1619)
Coromandel Coast (1619)
Persian Gulf (1621-22)
Trincomalee (1622)
Persian Gulf (1622)
China (1622)
Angola (1622)
Angola (1623)
Brazil (1624)
Persian Gulf (1625)
Brazil (1625)
Gold Coast (1625)
Malaysia (1628)
Malacca (1629)
Brazil (1630)
Brazil (1631)
East Africa (1632)
Bengal (1632)
Arabia (1633)
Arabia (1633-43)
Brazil (1636)
Gold Coast (1637)
India (1638)
Brazil (1638)
India (1638–39)
India (1639)
Brazil (1640)
Morocco (1640)
Malaysia (1640–41)
Angola (1641–48)
Brazil (1641)
Brazil (1645)
Angola (1647)
Brazil (1648)
Brazil (1649)
Arabia (1650)
Brazil (1652–54)
1st Sri Lanka (1654)
2nd Sri Lanka (1654)
Malabar (1658-63)
Angola (1665)
Angola (1670)
Angola (1670)
Angola (1671)
Angola (1681)
India (1693)
East Africa (1696–98)
18th century
India (1704)
Brazil (1710)
Brazil (1711)
India (1729-32)
Banda Oriental (1735–37)
India (1746)
India (1746)
India (1752)
Brazil (1756)
Brazil (1762–63)
Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)
Morocco (1769)
Banda Oriental (1776–77)
19th century
French Guiana (1809)
China (1809-10)
Banda Oriental (1816–20)
Brazil (1821–23)
China (1846)
China (1849)
Mozambique (1895)
20th century
Angola (1902–03)
Angola (1907)
Angola (1914–15)
Mozambique (1917–18)
Timor (1942–43)
India (1954)
India (1961)
Africa (1961–74)
Angola (1961–74)
Guinea-Bissau (1963–74)
Mozambique (1964–74)
^Monteiro 2011, p. 328.
^Monteiro 2011, p. 362.
^Feio 2013, p. 135.
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