Vote buying (also referred to as electoral clientelism and patronage politics) occurs when a political party or candidate distributes money or resources to a voter in an upcoming election with the expectation that the voter votes for the actor handing out monetary rewards.[1] Vote buying can take various forms such as a monetary exchange, as well as an exchange for necessary goods or services.[2] This practice is often used to incentivise or persuade voters to turn out to elections and vote in a particular way. Although this practice is illegal in many countries such as the United States, Argentina, Mexico, Kenya, Brazil and Nigeria, its prevalence remains worldwide.
In some parts of the United States[which?] in the mid- and late 19th century, members of competing parties would vie, sometimes openly and other times with much greater secrecy, to buy and sell votes. Voters would be compensated with cash or the covering of one's house/tax payment. To keep the practice of vote buying secret, parties would open fully staffed vote-buying shops.[3] Parties would also hire runners, who would go out into the public and find floating voters and bargain with them to vote for their side.[3]
In England, documentation and stories of vote buying and vote selling are also well known. The most famous episodes of vote buying came in 18th century England when two or more rich aristocrats spent whatever money it took to win. The "Spendthrift election" came in Northamptonshire in 1768, when three earls each spent over £100,000 on their favoured candidates.[4]
Voters may be given money or other rewards for voting in a particular way, or not voting. In some jurisdictions, the offer or giving of other rewards is referred to as "electoral treating".[5]
Electoral treating remains legal in some jurisdictions, such as in the Seneca Nation of Indians.[6]
^Kramon, Eric (2017). Money for Votes: The Causes and Consequences of Electoral Clientelism in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108149839. ISBN 978-1-107-19372-7.
^"Lynne Rienner Publishers – Elections for Sale The Causes and Consequences of Vote Buying". rienner.com. Archived from the original on 2021-01-15. Retrieved 2018-04-22.
^ abMark Wahlgren Summers (2004). Party Games: Getting, Keeping, and Using Power in Gilded Age Politics. Univ of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-5537-9.
^Joseph Grego (1886). A History of Parliamentary Elections and Electioneering in the Old Days . Archived from the original on 2021-01-15. Retrieved 2015-05-29.
^"Parliamentary Electorates And Elections Act 1912 – Section 149, New South Wales Consolidated Acts". Austlii.edu.au. Archived from the original on 2011-11-30. Retrieved 2012-05-03.
^Herbeck, Dan (November 15, 2011). Resentments abound in Seneca power struggle Archived 2011-11-18 at the Wayback Machine. The Buffalo News. Retrieved November 16, 2011.
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