Vivianite information

Vivianite
Vivianite
	Vivianite tabular crystal, transparent, with a deep green color. Crystal size: 82 mm × 38 mm × 11 mm. From Huanuni mine, Dalence Province, Oruro Department, Bolivia
General
Category	Phosphate mineral ; Vivianite group
Formula; (repeating unit)	Fe2+; 3(PO; 4); 2·8H; 2O
IMA symbol	Viv
Strunz classification	8.CE.40 (10 ed); 7/C.13-40 (8 ed)
Dana classification	40.3.6.1
Crystal system	Monoclinic
Crystal class	Prismatic (2/m) ; (same H-M symbol)
Space group	C2/m
Unit cell	a = 10.086 Å, b = 13.441 Å ; c = 4.703 Å; β = 104.27°; Z = 2
Identification
Formula mass	501.61 g/mol
Color	Colorless, very pale green, becoming dark blue, dark greenish blue, indigo-blue, then black with oxidation
Crystal habit	Flattened, elongated prismatic crystals, may be rounded or corroded; as stellate groups, incrustations, concretionary, earthy or powdery
Twinning	Translation gliding
Cleavage	Perfect on {010}
Fracture	Fibrous
Tenacity	Flexible, sectile
Mohs scale hardness	1.5–2
Luster	Vitreous, pearly on the cleavage, dull when earthy
Streak	White, altering to dark blue, brown
Diaphaneity	Transparent to translucent
Specific gravity	2.68
Optical properties	Biaxial (+); moderate relief
Refractive index	nα = 1.579–1.616, nβ = 1.602–1.656, nγ = 1.629–1.675
Birefringence	δ = 0.050–0.059
Pleochroism	Visible; X = blue, deep blue, Indigo-blue; Y = pale yellowish green, pale bluish green, yellow-green; Z = pale yellowish green, olive-yellow
2V angle	Measured: 63° to 83.5°, Calculated: 78° to 88°
Dispersion	r < v, weak
Ultraviolet fluorescence	Not fluorescent
Melting point	1,114 °C (2,037 °F)
Solubility	Easily soluble in acids
Alters to	Metavivianite
References

Vivianite (Fe²⁺
₃(PO
₄)
₂·8H
₂O) is a hydrated iron phosphate mineral found in a number of geological environments. Small amounts of manganese Mn²⁺, magnesium Mg²⁺, and calcium Ca²⁺ may substitute for iron Fe²⁺ in the structure.^[5] Pure vivianite is colorless, but the mineral oxidizes very easily, changing the color, and it is usually found as deep blue to deep bluish green prismatic to flattened crystals. Vivianite crystals are often found inside fossil shells, such as those of bivalves and gastropods, or attached to fossil bone. Vivianite can also appear on the iron coffins or on the corpses of humans as a result of a chemical reaction of the decomposing body with the iron enclosure.^[6]

It was named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1817, the year of his death, after either John Henry Vivian (1785–1855), a Welsh-Cornish politician, mine owner and mineralogist living in Truro, Cornwall, England, or after Jeffrey G. Vivian, an English mineralogist.^[7] Vivianite was discovered at Wheal Kind, in St Agnes, Cornwall.^[3]

^ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Handbook was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Mindat was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Webmin was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Gaines et al (1997) Dana's New Mineralogy Eighth Edition. Wiley
^ Cite error: The named reference Atlasobs was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Although mindat.org claims "J. G. Vivian" is a typo for "J. H. Vivian", there is at least one reference that gives a full first name. The original description of Vivianite in Abraham Gottlob Werner, Letztes Mineral-System, Freiberg/Wien, 1817, p. 42 reads „Der Name ist vom Hrn. B. R. Werner zu Ehren des Hrn. J. Vivian aus Truro in Cornwall, dem Er die Kentnis des Fossils verdankt, gebildet.“ [“The name is formed by Mr. B. R. Werner in honour of Mr. J. Vivian from Truro in Cornwall, to whom he owes the memory of the fossil.”] It is ambiguous (and puzzling in its reference to B. R. Werner). As for Jeffrey G. Vivian, no other trace of him can be found in Google Books.

[1] Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.

[Handbook-2] Cite error: The named reference Handbook was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Mindat-3] Cite error: The named reference Mindat was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Webmin-4] Cite error: The named reference Webmin was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Dana-5] Gaines et al (1997) Dana's New Mineralogy Eighth Edition. Wiley

[Atlasobs-6] Cite error: The named reference Atlasobs was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[7] Although mindat.org claims "J. G. Vivian" is a typo for "J. H. Vivian", there is at least one reference that gives a full first name. The original description of Vivianite in Abraham Gottlob Werner, Letztes Mineral-System, Freiberg/Wien, 1817, p. 42 reads „Der Name ist vom Hrn. B. R. Werner zu Ehren des Hrn. J. Vivian aus Truro in Cornwall, dem Er die Kentnis des Fossils verdankt, gebildet.“ [“The name is formed by Mr. B. R. Werner in honour of Mr. J. Vivian from Truro in Cornwall, to whom he owes the memory of the fossil.”] It is ambiguous (and puzzling in its reference to B. R. Werner). As for Jeffrey G. Vivian, no other trace of him can be found in Google Books.

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