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Visual cycle information


The visual cycle is a process in the retina that replenishes the molecule retinal for its use in vision. Retinal is the chromophore of most visual opsins, meaning it captures the photons to begin the phototransduction cascade. When the photon is absorbed, the 11-cis retinal photoisomerizes into all-trans retinal as it is ejected from the opsin protein. Each molecule of retinal must travel from the photoreceptor cell to the RPE and back in order to be refreshed and combined with another opsin. This closed enzymatic pathway of 11-cis retinal is sometimes called Wald's visual cycle after George Wald (1906–1997), who received the Nobel Prize in 1967 for his work towards its discovery.

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Visual cycle

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The visual cycle is a process in the retina that replenishes the molecule retinal for its use in vision. Retinal is the chromophore of most visual opsins...

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Visual phototransduction

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initiating both the visual cycle, which "resets" the chromophore, and the phototransduction cascade, which transmits the visual signal to the brain....

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Retinal

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The visual cycle is a circular enzymatic pathway, which is the front-end of phototransduction. It regenerates 11-cis-retinal. For example, the visual cycle...

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Vertebrate visual opsin

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that follows the isomerization and renewal of retinal is known as the visual cycle. Free 11-cis-retinal is photosensitive and carries its own spectral sensitivity...

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Retinal pigment epithelium

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namely, light absorption, epithelial transport, spatial ion buffering, visual cycle, phagocytosis, secretion and immune modulation. Light absorption: RPE...

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RPE65

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also known as retinoid isomerohydrolase, is an enzyme of the vertebrate visual cycle that is encoded in humans by the RPE65 gene. RPE65 is expressed in the...

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Retinene

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in the transduction of light into visual signals in the photoreceptor level of the retina (known as the visual cycle). Retinene2 is more formally known...

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Retinol dehydrogenase

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between those two cofactors. However, not all retinol dehydrogenases in visual cycle are identified, and this remains challenging to scientists due to the...

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Visual Studio

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Visual Studio is an integrated development environment (IDE) developed by Microsoft. It is used to develop computer programs including websites, web apps...

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Emixustat

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molecule notable for its establishment of a new class of compounds known as visual cycle modulators (VCMs). Formulated as the hydrochloride salt, emixustat hydrochloride...

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Estrous cycle

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The estrous cycle (from Latin oestrus 'frenzy', originally from Ancient Greek οἶστρος (oîstros) 'gadfly') is a set of recurring physiological changes...

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Retinol

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Retinol is an essential compound in the cycle of light-activated chemical reactions called the "visual cycle" that underlies vertebrate vision. Retinol...

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Biotinylated retinoids

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isolation and purification of Retinol Binding Proteins involved in the visual cycle. The first biotinylated retinoid was synthesized in 2002 and was used...

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Opsin

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that produce metabolites to open ion channels. Retinylidene protein Visual cycle Visual phototransduction Microbial rhodopsin Channelrhodopsins Illustration...

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Visual impairment

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Visual or vision impairment (VI or VIP) is the partial or total inability of visual perception. In the absence of treatment such as corrective eyewear...

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Visual thinking

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Visual thinking, also called visual or spatial learning or picture thinking, is the phenomenon of thinking through visual processing. Visual thinking has...

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Retinyl palmitate

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inverse is catalyzed by REH. The esters are also intermediates in the visual cycle: RPE65 isomerizes the retinyl part to 11-cis-retinal. Vitamin A palmitate...

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Lysine

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the retinylidene group causes signal transduction in color vision (See visual cycle for details). There has been a long discussion that lysine, when administered...

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Visual novel

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A visual novel (VN) is a form of digital interactive fiction. Visual novels are often associated with the medium of video games, but are not always labeled...

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Absolute threshold

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Taxonomy of Visual Processes. Psychology Press. p. 389. ISBN 978-1-317-66895-4. Reike, Fred (2000). Vertebrae Phototransduction and the Visual Cycle. Academic...

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Stargardt disease

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the ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCA4) protein of the visual phototransduction cycle. Defective ABCA4 leads to improper shuttling of vitamin A throughout...

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The Cremaster Cycle

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drawings, and artist's books, created by American visual artist and filmmaker Matthew Barney. The Cremaster Cycle was made over a period of eight years (1994–2002)...

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RDH8

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encoded by the RDH8 gene. All-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (RDH8) is a visual cycle enzyme that reduces all-trans-retinal to all-trans-retinol in the presence...

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Retinoid

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Marcin; Palczewski, Krzysztof (11 July 2013). "Chemistry of the Retinoid (Visual) Cycle". Chemical Reviews. 114 (1): 194–232. doi:10.1021/cr400107q. PMC 3858459...

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CycleBeads

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CycleBeads is a visual tool that was developed by the Institute for Reproductive Health at Georgetown University. This device helps women use the Standard...

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