Visible learning is a meta-study that analyzes effect sizes of measurable influences on learning outcomes in educational settings.[1] It was published by John Hattie in 2008 and draws upon results from 815 other Meta-analyses. The Times Educational Supplement described Hattie's meta-study as "teaching's holy grail".[2]
Hattie compared the effect sizes of influences on learning outcomes - in particular by using Cohen's d as a measure. He points out that in education most things work. The question is which strategies and innovations work best and where to concentrate efforts in order to improve student achievement.
Hattie found that the aspects that are most correlated with student achievement are:[1]
Self-reported grades (d=1.44): correlation between self-assessment and actual grades
Piagetian programs (d=1.28): correlation between Piagetian stage and achievement[1]
Providing formative evaluation of programs (d=0.90)
Microteaching (d=0.88)
Acceleration (d=0.88)
Classroom behavioral (d=0.80)
Interventions for learning disabled students (d=0.77)
Teacher clarity (d=0.75)
Reciprocal teaching (d=0.74)
Feedback (d=0.73)
Teacher-student relationships (d=0.72)
Spaced vs. mass practice (d=0.71)
Meta-cognitive strategies (d=0.69)
Prior achievement (d=0.67)
Reading: vocabulary programs (d=0.67)
Reading: repeated reading programs (d=0.67)
Some of the statistical methods used by Hattie have been criticised. Hattie himself admitted that the values for the Common language effect size (CLE) in Visible Learning were calculated incorrectly throughout the book, with only the values for cohen's d being correct.[3][4][5]
In 2014, Rolf Schulmeister and Jörn Loviscach pointed out "considerable issues in terms of the selection of studies and the methods employed" in the meta analysis.[6] Amongst others, they criticize the use of questionable or wrongly-categorized studies and misleading or nonsensical statistics.
The phrase "visible learning" was used previously by Howard Gardner in his 2001 study "Making Learning Visible"[7] as Inez De Florio argued in 2016.[8]
^ abcHattie, John (2008). Visible Learning: A Synthesis of Over 800 Meta-Analyses Relating to Achievement. NY: Routledge. p. 392. ISBN 978-0-415-47618-8.
^John Hattie admits that half of the Statistics in Visible Learning are wrong
^Topphol, Arne Kåre. 2011. Kan vi stole på statistikkbruken i utdanningsforskinga? Norsk pedagogisk tidsskrift 06 / 2011. ('Can we rely on the use of statistics in education research? Norwegian journal of paedagogy' in Norwegian)
^An email exchange between John Hattie and members of the Student Committee of the teacher-training programme at the University of Oslo (in English), Response to Hattie's response by Topphol (in English)
^Loviscach, Jörn (2014-10-25). "Errors in John Hattie's "Visible Learning"" (PDF). Jörn Loviscach.
^Gardner, Howard (2011). "Making Learning Visible. Children as individual and group learners (Project Zero)". Reggio Children. Giudici, Claudia; Krechevsky, Mara; Rinaldi, Carla. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
^De Florio, Inez (2016). Effective Teaching and Successful Learning. Bridging the Gap between Research and Practice. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.
Visiblelearning is a meta-study that analyzes effect sizes of measurable influences on learning outcomes in educational settings. It was published by...
evidence for micro-teaching, undertaken by John Hattie as part of his VisibleLearning project, found it was the 6th most effective method for improving student...
into classifying (e.g., for categories "spam" and well-visible "not spam" of posts) machine learning models which are often developed and/or trained by third...
Unsupervised learning is a method in machine learning where, in contrast to supervised learning, algorithms learn patterns exclusively from unlabeled data...
In machine learning, a deep belief network (DBN) is a generative graphical model, or alternatively a class of deep neural network, composed of multiple...
In machine learning, feature learning or representation learning is a set of techniques that allows a system to automatically discover the representations...
e., reading and mathematics).[clarification needed] John Hattie's VisibleLearning: A Synthesis of Over 800 Meta-Analyses Relating to Achievement (2009)...
Multimodal learning, in the context of machine learning, is a type of deep learning using multiple modalities of data, such as text, audio, or images....
most visible approaches to peer learning comes out of cognitive psychology, and is applied within a "mainstream" educational framework: "Peer learning is...
enrich entry activities in PBLs, etc. John Hattie's meta-analysis of visiblelearning is even more specific. Strategies that promote metacognition, reflection...
nodes from each of the two groups of units (commonly referred to as the "visible" and "hidden" units respectively) may have a symmetric connection between...
Every Age, 65(2), 34-39. Hattie, John (2012). Visiblelearning for teachers: Maximizing impact on learning. New York: Taylor and Francis. Patrick, Susan...
CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Hattie, John (2008). VisibleLearning: A Synthesis of Over 800 Meta-Analyses Relating to Achievement. Routledge...
The system was used to aid the deaf in learning to speak. In 1864, Melville promoted his first works on Visible Speech, in order to help the deaf both...
In machine learning, the perceptron (or McCulloch–Pitts neuron) is an algorithm for supervised learning of binary classifiers. A binary classifier is a...
astronomy, the naked eye may be used to observe celestial events and objects visible without equipment, such as conjunctions, passing comets, meteor showers...
students are dynamic in their learning and are "constantly organizing and reorganizing experiences." According to VisibleLearning for Teachers (2012), which...
Programmed learning (or programmed instruction) is a research-based system which helps learners work successfully. The method is guided by research done...
assessment for learning, including diagnostic testing, is a range of formal and informal assessment procedures conducted by teachers during the learning process...
The labia are the major externally visible portions of the vulva. In humans and other primates, there are two pairs of labia: the labia majora are large...
education, Making LearningVisible: the identification, assessment and recognition of non-formal learning in Europe, defines non-formal learning as semi structured...
machine learning is the integration of quantum algorithms within machine learning programs. The most common use of the term refers to machine learning algorithms...
The Cathedral of Learning is a 42-story skyscraper that serves as the centerpiece of the University of Pittsburgh's (Pitt) main campus in the Oakland neighborhood...