"Clock problem" redirects here. For mathematical problems involving the positions of the hands on a clock face, see Clock angle problem.
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In physics, the twin paradox is a thought experiment in special relativity involving identical twins, one of whom makes a journey into space in a high-speed rocket and returns home to find that the twin who remained on Earth has aged more. This result appears puzzling because each twin sees the other twin as moving, and so, as a consequence of an incorrect[1][2] and naive[3][4] application of time dilation and the principle of relativity, each should paradoxically find the other to have aged less. However, this scenario can be resolved within the standard framework of special relativity: the travelling twin's trajectory involves two different inertial frames, one for the outbound journey and one for the inbound journey.[5] Another way of looking at it is to realize the travelling twin is undergoing acceleration, which makes them a non-inertial observer. In both views there is no symmetry between the spacetime paths of the twins. Therefore, the twin paradox is not actually a paradox in the sense of a logical contradiction. There is still debate as to the resolution of the twin paradox.[6]
Starting with Paul Langevin in 1911, there have been various explanations of this paradox. These explanations "can be grouped into those that focus on the effect of different standards of simultaneity in different frames, and those that designate the acceleration [experienced by the travelling twin] as the main reason".[7] Max von Laue argued in 1913 that since the traveling twin must be in two separate inertial frames, one on the way out and another on the way back, this frame switch is the reason for the aging difference.[8] Explanations put forth by Albert Einstein and Max Born invoked gravitational time dilation to explain the aging as a direct effect of acceleration.[9] However, it has been proven that neither general relativity,[10][11][12][13][14] nor even acceleration, are necessary to explain the effect, as the effect still applies if two astronauts pass each other at the turnaround point and synchronize their clocks at that point. The situation at the turnaround point can be thought of as where a pair of observers, one travelling away from the starting point and another travelling toward it, pass by each other, and where the clock reading of the first observer is transferred to that of the second one, both maintaining constant speed, with both trip times being added at the end of their journey.[15]
^Crowell, Benjamin (2000). The Modern Revolution in Physics (illustrated ed.). Light and Matter. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-9704670-6-5. Extract of page 23
^Serway, Raymond A.; Moses, Clement J.; Moyer, Curt A. (2004). Modern Physics (3rd ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-111-79437-8. Extract of page 21
^D'Auria, Riccardo; Trigiante, Mario (2011). From Special Relativity to Feynman Diagrams: A Course of Theoretical Particle Physics for Beginners (illustrated ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 541. ISBN 978-88-470-1504-3. Extract of page 541
^Ohanian, Hans C.; Ruffini, Remo (2013). Gravitation and Spacetime (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-139-61954-7. Extract of page 176
^Hawley, John F.; Holcomb, Katherine A. (2005). Foundations of Modern Cosmology (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-19-853096-1. Extract of page 203
^P. Mohazzabi, Q. Luo; J. of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 2021, 9, 2187-2192
^Debs, Talal A.; Redhead, Michael L.G. (1996). "The twin "paradox" and the conventionality of simultaneity". American Journal of Physics. 64 (4): 384–392. Bibcode:1996AmJPh..64..384D. doi:10.1119/1.18252.
^Miller, Arthur I. (1981). Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity. Emergence (1905) and early interpretation (1905–1911). Reading: Addison–Wesley. pp. 257–264. ISBN 0-201-04679-2.
^Max Jammer (2006). Concepts of Simultaneity: From Antiquity to Einstein and Beyond. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 165. ISBN 0-8018-8422-5.
^Schutz, Bernard (2003). Gravity from the Ground Up: An Introductory Guide to Gravity and General Relativity (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-521-45506-0.Extract of page 207
^Baez, John (1996). "Can Special Relativity Handle Acceleration?". Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^"How does relativity theory resolve the Twin Paradox?". Scientific American.
^David Halliday et al., The Fundamentals of Physics, John Wiley and Sons, 1997
^Paul Davies About Time, Touchstone 1995, ppf 59.
^John Simonetti. "Frequently Asked Questions About Special Relativity - The Twin Paradox". Virginia Tech Physics. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
In physics, the twinparadox is a thought experiment in special relativity involving identical twins, one of whom makes a journey into space in a high-speed...
Temporal paradox – Theoretical paradox resulting from time travel Twinparadox – Thought experiment in special relativity Zeno's paradoxes – Set of philosophical...
the twinparadox is not a true paradox because it is easily understood within the context of special relativity. The impression that a paradox exists...
contradiction or paradox in this situation. The reciprocity of the phenomenon also leads to the so-called twinparadox where the aging of twins, one staying...
and have been reviewed in the Twinparadox article. We will examine in the following one such solution to the paradox. Our basic aim will be to demonstrate...
This list includes well known paradoxes, grouped thematically. The grouping is approximate, as paradoxes may fit into more than one category. This list...
a non-accelerated (inertial) clock between the same two events. The twinparadox is an example of this effect. By convention, proper time is usually represented...
Muon storage ring. This experiment confirmed both time dilation and the twinparadox, i.e. the hypothesis that clocks sent away and coming back to their initial...
has traditionally yielded two common paradoxes: the twinparadox and the ladder paradox. Both of these paradoxes involve thought experiments which defy...
contained all other features of the paradox). Langevin solved the paradox by alluding to the fact that one twin accelerates and changes direction, so...
the twinparadox one twin goes on a trip near the speed of light and comes home younger than the twin who stayed at home. This is not a paradox: time...
less proper time to pass for one clock than the other. The twinparadox describes this: one twin remains on Earth, while the other undergoes acceleration...
a 1911 thought experiment in special relativity, commonly called the twinparadox, proposed by French physicist Paul Langevin. The Long Range Foundation...
Carl E.; Gull, Stephen F. (December 2001). "On radar time and the twin "paradox"". American Journal of Physics. 69 (12): 1257–1261. arXiv:gr-qc/0104077...
relativity of simultaneity, spacetime, special principle of relativity, speed of light, stress–energy tensor, time dilation, twinparadox, world line...
relativity in academic circles in France and created what is now called the twinparadox. In 1898, he married Emma Jeanne Desfosses, and together they had four...
apparent paradoxes. Both the twinparadox and the Ehrenfest paradox and their explanation were already mentioned above. Besides the twinparadox, also the...
portal The Einstein-Minkowski Spacetime: Introducing the Light Cone The Paradox of Special Relativity RSS feed of stars in one's personal light cone...
his divorcing of the resolution of the twinparadox from the presence of acceleration for the travelling twin, have been criticised in the literature...
such speed. They are also found in some thought experiments such as the twinparadox. As with the classical rocket equation, one wants to calculate the velocity...
resolve the black hole information paradox is known as black hole complementarity. In 2012, the "firewall paradox" was introduced with the goal of demonstrating...
transmitted instantaneously and therefore faster than c, as in the EPR paradox. An example involves the quantum states of two particles that can be entangled...