"W": from Wolfram, originally from Middle High German wolf-rahm 'wolf's foam' describing the mineral wolframite[10]
Isotopes of tungsten
v
e
Main isotopes
Decay
abundance
half-life (t1/2)
mode
product
180W
0.120%
1.8×1018 y
α
176Hf
181W
synth
121.2 d
ε
181Ta
182W
26.5%
stable
183W
14.3%
stable
184W
30.6%
stable
185W
synth
75.1 d
β−
185Re
186W
28.4%
stable
188W
synth
69.78 d
β−
188Re
Category: Tungsten
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Tungsten (also called wolfram)[11][12] is a chemical element; it has symbol W and atomic number 74. Tungsten is a rare metal found naturally on Earth almost exclusively as compounds with other elements. It was identified as a new element in 1781 and first isolated as a metal in 1783. Its important ores include scheelite and wolframite, the latter lending the element its alternative name.
The free element is remarkable for its robustness, especially the fact that it has the highest melting point of all known elements, melting at 3,422 °C (6,192 °F; 3,695 K). It also has the highest boiling point, at 5,930 °C (10,706 °F; 6,203 K).[13] Its density is 19.254 g/cm3,[4] comparable with that of uranium and gold, and much higher (about 1.7 times) than that of lead.[14] Polycrystalline tungsten is an intrinsically brittle[15][16][17] and hard material (under standard conditions, when uncombined), making it difficult to work into metal. However, pure single-crystalline tungsten is more ductile and can be cut with a hard-steel hacksaw.[18]
Tungsten occurs in many alloys, which have numerous applications, including incandescent light bulb filaments, X-ray tubes, electrodes in gas tungsten arc welding, superalloys, and radiation shielding. Tungsten's hardness and high density make it suitable for military applications in penetrating projectiles. Tungsten compounds are often used as industrial catalysts.
Tungsten is the only metal in the third transition series that is known to occur in biomolecules, being found in a few species of bacteria and archaea. However, tungsten interferes with molybdenum and copper metabolism and is somewhat toxic to most forms of animal life.[19][20]
^Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^Berger, Dan. "Why does Tungsten not 'Kick' up an electron from the s sublevel ?". Bluffton College, USA.
^ abcdArblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
^Lide, David R., ed. (2009). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (90th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 6-134. ISBN 978-1-4200-9084-0.
^Tolias P. (2017). "Analytical expressions for thermophysical properties of solid and liquid tungsten relevant for fusion applications". Nuclear Materials and Energy. 13: 42–57. arXiv:1703.06302. Bibcode:2017arXiv170306302T. doi:10.1016/j.nme.2017.08.002. S2CID 99610871.
^Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds" (PDF). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0486-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-03-03.
^Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. p. E110. ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4.
^"Tungsten". Royal Society of Chemistry. Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
^van der Krogt, Peter. "Wolframium Wolfram Tungsten". Elementymology& Elements Multidict. Archived from the original on 2010-01-23. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
^"wolfram" on Merriam-Webster.
^"wolfram" on Oxford Dictionaries.
^Zhang Y; Evans JRG and Zhang S (January 2011). "Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks". J. Chem. Eng. Data. 56 (2): 328–337. doi:10.1021/je1011086.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Daintith, John (2005). Facts on File Dictionary of Chemistry (4th ed.). New York: Checkmark Books. ISBN 978-0-8160-5649-1.
^Lassner, Erik; Schubert, Wolf-Dieter (1999). "low temperature brittleness". Tungsten: properties, chemistry, technology of the element, alloys, and chemical compounds. Springer. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-306-45053-2.
^Prakash, C.; Lee, H.; Alucozai, M.; Tomar, V. (2016). "An analysis of the influence of grain boundary strength on microstructure dependent fracture in polycrystalline tungsten". International Journal of Fracture. 199: 1–20. doi:10.1007/s10704-016-0083-0. S2CID 137928096.
^Gludovatz, B.; Wurster, S.; Weingärtner, T.; Hoffmann, A.; Pippan, R. (2011). "Influence of impurities on the fracture behavior of tungsten". Philosophical Magazine (Submitted manuscript). 91 (22): 3006–3020. Bibcode:2011PMag...91.3006G. doi:10.1080/14786435.2011.558861. S2CID 137145004.
^Stwertka, Albert (2002). A Guide to the elements (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515026-1.
^McMaster, J. & Enemark, John H. (1998). "The active sites of molybdenum- and tungsten-containing enzymes". Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 2 (2): 201–207. doi:10.1016/S1367-5931(98)80061-6. PMID 9667924.
^Hille, Russ (2002). "Molybdenum and tungsten in biology". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 27 (7): 360–367. doi:10.1016/S0968-0004(02)02107-2. PMID 12114025.
Tungsten (also called wolfram) is a chemical element; it has symbol W and atomic number 74. Tungsten is a rare metal found naturally on Earth almost exclusively...
leaks, the hot tungsten filament reacts with air, yielding an aerosol of brown tungsten nitride, brown tungsten dioxide, violet-blue tungsten pentoxide, and...
Tungsten carbide (chemical formula: WC) is a chemical compound (specifically, a carbide) containing equal parts of tungsten and carbon atoms. In its most...
The Tungsten series was Palm, Inc.'s line of business-class Palm OS-based PDAs. The Tungsten series was introduced in October 2002, created as a "prosumer"...
Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW, also known as tungsten inert gas welding or TIG, and heliarc welding when helium is used) is an arc welding process that...
Tungsten steel is any steel that has tungsten as its alloying element with characteristics derived mostly from the presence of this element (as opposed...
Tungsten has several oxidation states, and therefore oxides: Tungsten(III) oxide Tungsten(IV) oxide, also known as tungsten dioxide Tungsten(VI) oxide...
halogen lamp (also called tungsten halogen, quartz-halogen, and quartz iodine lamp) is an incandescent lamp consisting of a tungsten filament sealed in a compact...
Uncle Tungsten because he was secretary of a business named Tungstalite, which made incandescent lightbulbs with a tungsten filament. Uncle Tungsten was...
Naturally occurring tungsten (74W) consists of five isotopes. Four are considered stable (182W, 183W, 184W, and 186W) and one is slightly radioactive,...
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Tungsten(VI) oxide, also known as tungsten trioxide is a chemical compound of oxygen and the transition metal tungsten, with formula WO3. The compound...
Tungsten film is photographic film designed to accurately represent colors as perceived by humans under tungsten light; the more usual color films are...
Tungsten Automation, formerly Kofax Inc., is an Irvine, California-based intelligent automation software provider. Founded in 1985, the company's software...
Tungsten hexabromide, also known as tungsten(VI) bromide, is a chemical compound of tungsten and bromine with the formula WBr6. It is an air-sensitive...
Tungsten ore is a rock from which the element tungsten can be economically extracted. The ore minerals of tungsten include wolframite, scheelite, and ferberite...
Tungsten diarsenide is an arsenide of tungsten with the chemical formula WAs2. Other tungsten arsenides include tungsten triarsenide (WAs3) and ditungsten...
Tungsten(VI) fluoride, also known as tungsten hexafluoride, is an inorganic compound with the formula WF6. It is a toxic, corrosive, colorless gas, with...
formed Spoon. Spoon has served as Daniel's primary musical focus. Drake Tungsten was the pseudonym which Daniel performed under from 1994 to 1996 as a solo...
Tungsten disulfide is an inorganic chemical compound composed of tungsten and sulfur with the chemical formula WS2. This compound is part of the group...
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Tungsten hexacarbonyl (also called tungsten carbonyl) is an organometallic compound with the formula W(CO)6. This complex gave rise to the first example...
commonly use tungsten carbide (WC), titanium carbide (TiC), or tantalum carbide (TaC) as the aggregate. Mentions of "carbide" or "tungsten carbide" in...
Typical depictions of the tactic are of a satellite containing a magazine of tungsten rods and a directional thrust system. When a strike is ordered, the launch...
is a ferroalloy, consisting of iron and tungsten. The metal usually consists of 75%-82% or 70%-75% tungsten. Because of its high melting point, ferrotungsten...