Tulunids information

Ṭūlūnids
طولونيون (ar)
Ṭūlūnids طولونيون (ar)
868–905
	Tulunid Emirate in 893.
Status	Vassal of the Abbasid Caliphate
Capital	Al-Qata'i
Common languages	Egyptian locally among people, Arabic partially among public and only dominant after the 1600s, Turkic (army)
Religion	Sunni Islam (predominant), Orthodox Christians
Government	De jure caliphal Governorate Emirate; De facto Autonomous Emirate from Caliphate;
Emir
• 868–884	Aḥmad ibn Ṭūlūn
• 884–896	Khumarawayh ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun
History
• Established	868
• Abbasid reconquest	905
Currency	Dinar
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Abbasid Caliphate
Abbasid Caliphate
Ikhshidid dynasty

The Tulunids (Arabic: الطولونيون), were a Mamluk dynasty of Turkic origin^[2] who were the first independent dynasty to rule Egypt, as well as much of Syria, since the Ptolemaic dynasty.^[3] They were independent from 868, when they broke away from the central authority of the Abbasid Caliphate, to 905, when the Abbasids restored the Tulunid domains to their control.

In the late 9th century, internal conflict amongst the Abbasids made control of the outlying areas of the empire increasingly tenuous, and in 868 the Turkic officer Ahmad ibn Tulun established himself as an independent governor of Egypt. He subsequently achieved nominal autonomy from the central Abbasid government. During his reign (868–884) and those of his successors, the Tulunid domains were expanded to include Jordan Rift Valley, as well as Hejaz, Cyprus and Crete. Ahmad was succeeded by his son Khumarawayh, whose military and diplomatic achievements made him a major player in the Middle Eastern political stage. The Abbasids affirmed their recognition of the Tulunids as legitimate rulers, and the dynasty's status as vassals to the caliphate. After Khumarawayh's death, his successor emirs were ineffectual rulers, allowing their Turkic and black slave-soldiers to run the affairs of the state. In 905, the Tulunids were unable to resist an invasion by the Abbasid troops, who restored direct caliphal rule in Syria and Egypt.^[4]^[5]

The Tulunid period was marked by economic and administrative reforms alongside cultural ones. Ahmad ibn Tulun changed the taxation system and aligned himself with the merchant community. He also established the Tulunid army. The capital was moved from Fustat to al-Qata'i, where the celebrated mosque of Ibn Tulun was constructed.

^ Freeman-Grenville, G. S. P. (Greville Stewart Parker) (1993). Historical atlas of the Middle East. New York : Simon & Schuster. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-13-390915-9.
^ Anjum 2007, p. 233.
^ Holt, Peter Malcolm (2004). The Crusader States and Their Neighbours, 1098-1291. Pearson Longman. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-582-36931-3. The two gubernatorial dynasties in Egypt which have already been mentioned, the Tulunids and the Ikhshidids, were both of Mamluk origin.
^ "Tulunid Dynasty." Encyclopædia Britannica
^ Cite error: The named reference EI1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[1] Freeman-Grenville, G. S. P. (Greville Stewart Parker) (1993). Historical atlas of the Middle East. New York : Simon & Schuster. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-13-390915-9.

[FOOTNOTEAnjum2007233-2] Anjum 2007, p. 233.

[3] Holt, Peter Malcolm (2004). The Crusader States and Their Neighbours, 1098-1291. Pearson Longman. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-582-36931-3. The two gubernatorial dynasties in Egypt which have already been mentioned, the Tulunids and the Ikhshidids, were both of Mamluk origin.

[Britannica-4] "Tulunid Dynasty." Encyclopædia Britannica

[EI1-5] Cite error: The named reference EI1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

Tulunids information

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