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Tubercle model of a humpback whale flipperThe tubercles on the humpback whale flipper.
The tubercle effect is a phenomenon where tubercles or large 'bumps' on the leading edge of an airfoil can improve its aerodynamics. The effect, while already discovered, was analyzed extensively by Frank E. Fish et al in the early 2000 onwards.[1][2][dubious – discuss][citation needed] The tubercle effect works by channeling flow over the airfoil into more narrow streams, creating higher velocities. Another side effect of these channels is the reduction of flow moving over the wingtip and resulting in less parasitic drag due to wingtip vortices. Using computational modeling, it was determined that the presence of tubercles produces a delay in the angle of attack until stall, thereby increasing maximum lift and decreasing drag.[1] Fish first discovered[2][citation needed] this effect when looking at the fins of humpback whales. These whales are the only known organisms to take advantage of the tubercle effect. It is believed that this effect allows them to be much more manoeuvrable in the water, allowing for easier capture of prey. The tubercles on their fins allow them to do aquatic maneuvers to catch their prey.[1]
The tiny hooklets on the fore edge of an owl's wing have a similar effect that contributes to its aerodynamic manoeuvrability and stealth.[3][4]
^ abc
Fish, F. E.; Weber, P. W.; Murray, M. M.; Howle, L. E. (2011). "The Tubercles on Humpback Whales' Flippers: Application of Bio-Inspired Technology". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 51 (1): 203–213. doi:10.1093/icb/icr016. PMID 21576119.
^ abCite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^
Watts, P.; First, F. E. "The Influence of Passive, Leading Edge Tubercles on Wing Performance" (PDF).
^Blain, L. (March 2008). "Bumpy whale fins set to spark a revolution in aerodynamics". NewAtlas.com.
The tubercleeffect is a phenomenon where tubercles or large 'bumps' on the leading edge of an airfoil can improve its aerodynamics. The effect, while...
In anatomy, a tubercle (literally 'small tuber', Latin for 'lump') is any round nodule, small eminence, or warty outgrowth found on external or internal...
is a tubercle known by various terms including the procheilon (also spelled prochilon), the "tuberculum labii superioris", and the "labial tubercle". The...
primary prey. The tubercles on the flippers stall the angle of attack, which both maximizes lift and minimizes drag (see tubercleeffect). This, along with...
The olfactory tubercle (OT), also known as the tuberculum olfactorium, is a multi-sensory processing center that is contained within the olfactory cortex...
In 2004 Frank Fish introduced the world to Whale Bumps with their Tubercleeffect. Several fin manufacturers tried making some fins at that time, after...
a rough elevation and affords attachment to the ligament of the tubercle. The tubercle is much more prominent in the upper ribs than in the lower ribs...
develops as the terminal end of the genital tubercle during the embryonic development of the male fetus. The tubercle is present in the embryos of both sexes...
thigh. The groin is at the front of the body on either side of the pubic tubercle, where the lower part of the abdominal wall meets the thigh. A fold or...
preoptic area of the hypothalamus. The nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle collectively form the ventral striatum. The ventral striatum and dorsal...
The ventral striatum includes the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle. The release of dopamine from the mesolimbic pathway into the nucleus accumbens...
tuberculosis virulence in animal models. M. tuberculosis, then known as the "tubercle bacillus", was first described on 24 March 1882 by Robert Koch, who subsequently...
ventral striatum ( VTA → Ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle). When a reward is anticipated, the firing rate of dopamine neurons in...
The ventral striatum consists of the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle. The dorsal striatum consists of the caudate nucleus and the putamen. A...
flexor retinaculum is attached to the scaphoid bone, more precisely its tubercle, as well as the ridge of trapezium. On the ulnar side, it is attached to...
and attach to the coracoid process and supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, and spine of the scapula. These muscles...
(Müllerian ducts) enter the back wall of the urogenital sinus as the sinus tubercle. As the plate grows, it significantly separates the cervix and the urogenital...
are masculinized by secretions of the testes: urogenital sinus genital tubercle urogenital folds cloacal membrane labioscrotal folds The prostate gland...
nucleus accumbens and medial olfactory tubercle. ... In the 1970s it was recognized that the olfactory tubercle contains a striatal component, which is...
See § "Two varieties of the tubercle bacillus from mammals." pp. 149-161. Smith T (1896). "Two varieties of the tubercle bacillus from mammals". Transactions...
(posterior orbitofrontal cortex), amygdala, olfactory tubercle, and parahippocampal gyrus. The olfactory tubercle connects to numerous areas of the amygdala, thalamus...
previously blue-stained cell nuclei and detritus became brown, while the tubercle bacilli remained a beautiful blue. There was no particular reaction to...
existence of tubercles in the lung is the cause and constitutes the unique anatomical characteristic of pulmonary tuberculosis (a). (a) ... the effect from which...
aspect of the Achilles to the origin of the plantar fascia at the calcaneal tubercle. However, the continuity of this connection decreases with age to a point...
a cuneiform cartilage which forms a whitish prominence, the cuneiform tubercle. The aryepiglottic folds contain the aryepiglottic muscles. They form the...
of the scapula to the greater tubercle of the humerus. There are also three other ligaments attaching the lesser tubercle of the humerus to lateral scapula...
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