Theory of interactions between academia, industry, and government
The triple helix model of innovation refers to a set of interactions between academia (the university), industry and government, to foster economic and social development, as described in concepts such as the knowledge economy and knowledge society.[1][2][3] In innovation helical framework theory, each sector is represented by a circle (helix), with overlapping showing interactions. The initial modelling has advanced from two dimensions to show more complex interactions, for example over time. The framework was first theorized by Henry Etzkowitz and Loet Leydesdorff in the 1990s, with the publication of "The Triple Helix, University-Industry-Government Relations: A laboratory for Knowledge-Based Economic Development".[4] Interactions between universities, industries and governments have given rise to new intermediary institutions, such as technology transfer offices and science parks, and Etzkowitz and Ledersdorff theorized the relationship between the three sectors and explained the emergence of these new hybrid organizations.[5] The triple helix innovation framework has been widely adopted and as applied by policy makers has participated in the transformation of each sector.[6][7][8]
^"The Triple Helix Concept". Stanford University Triple Helix Research Group. 11 July 2011.
^Leydesdorff, Loet (2012). "The Knowledge-Based Economy and the Triple Helix Model" (PDF). University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam School of Communications Research. arXiv:1201.4553. Bibcode:2012arXiv1201.4553L.
^Galvao, Anderson; Mascarenhas, Carla; Marques, Carla; Ferreira, João; Ratten, Vanessa (2019-10-02). "Triple helix and its evolution: a systematic literature review". Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management. 10 (3): 812–833. doi:10.1108/jstpm-10-2018-0103. ISSN 2053-4620. S2CID 203101066.
^Etzkowitz, Henry; Leydesdorff, Loet (1995-01-01). "The Triple Helix -- University-Industry-Government Relations: A Laboratory for Knowledge Based Economic Development". SSRN 2480085.
^Etzkowitz, Henry. "University-Industry-Government: The Triple Helix Model of Innovation" (PDF). European Organization for Quality. S2CID 18694456. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-09.
^Etzkowitz, Henry (2008). The triple helix: university-industry-government innovation in action. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-96450-0. OCLC 173749026.
^Etzkowitz, Henry; Zhou, Chunyan. The triple helix: university-industry-government innovation and entrepreneurship (Second ed.). Abingdon, Oxon. ISBN 978-1-315-62018-3. OCLC 959698460.
^Saad, Mohammed; Zawdie, Girma, eds. (2011-02-25). Theory and Practice of the Triple Helix Model in Developing Countries. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203838211. ISBN 978-0-203-83821-1.
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