Temporal range: Late Oligocene-Holocene (Deseadan-Lujanian) ~27–0.011 Ma
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Toxodon platensis
Skeleton of Nesodon imbricatus
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
†Notoungulata
Clade:
†Eutoxodontia
Family:
†Toxodontidae Owen 1845
Subfamilies and genera
†Haplodontheriinae
†Abothrodon
†Haplodontherium
†Mesotoxodon
†Ocnerotherium
†Toxodontherium
†Nesodontinae
†Adinotherium
†Nesodon
†Palyeidodon
†Posnanskytherium
†Proadinotherium
†Toxodontinae
†Andinotoxodon
†Ceratoxodon
†Charruatoxodon
†Chapalmalodon
†Dinotoxodon
†Eutomodus
†Falcontoxodon
†Gyrinodon
†Hemixotodon
†Hyperoxotodon
†Mesenodon
†Minitoxodon
†Mixotoxodon
†Neoadinotherium
†Neotoxodon
†Nesodonopsis
†Nonotherium
†Paratrigodon
†Pericotoxodon
†Piauhytherium
†Pisanodon
†Plesiotoxodon
†Prototrigodon
†Stenotephanos
†Stereotoxodon
†Toxodon
†Trigodon
†Trigodonops
†Xotodon
Xotodon sp. skull at the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin
Toxodontidae is an extinct family of notoungulate mammals, known from the Oligocene to the Holocene (11,000 BP) of South America,[1] with one genus, Mixotoxodon, also known from the Pleistocene of Central America and southern North America (as far north as Texas).[2] Member of the family were medium to large-sized,[3] ranging from around 350–400 kilograms (770–880 lb) in Nesodon to 1,000–1,200 kilograms (2,200–2,600 lb) in Toxodon,[4] and had medium to high-crowned dentition, which in derived members of the group evolved into ever-growing cheek teeth.[5] Isotopic analyses have led to the conclusion that Pleistocene members of the family were flexible mixed feeders (both browsing and grazing).[6][7]
^Turvey, Samuel T. (2009-05-28). Holocene Extinctions. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780191579981.
^E. Lundelius, et al. 2013. The first occurrence of a toxodont (Mammalia, Notoungulata) in the United States. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol 33, No 1, pp. 229–232 DOI:10.1080/02724634.2012.711405
^Cassini, Guillermo H.; Flores, David A.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (July 2012). "Postnatal ontogenetic scaling of Nesodontine (Notoungulata, Toxodontidae) cranial morphology: Nesodontine cranial allometry". Acta Zoologica. 93 (3): 249–259. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2011.00501.x. hdl:11336/81335.
^Nelson, Allison; Engelman, Russell K.; Croft, Darin A. (2023-07-12). "How to weigh a fossil mammal? South American notoungulates as a case study for estimating body mass in extinct clades". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. doi:10.1007/s10914-023-09669-1. ISSN 1064-7554.
^Gomes Rodrigues, Helder; Herrel, Anthony; Billet, Guillaume (2017-01-31). "Ontogenetic and life history trait changes associated with convergent ecological specializations in extinct ungulate mammals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (5): 1069–1074. doi:10.1073/pnas.1614029114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5293108. PMID 28096389.
^MacFadden, Bruce J. (September 2005). "Diet and habitat of toxodont megaherbivores (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from the late Quaternary of South and Central America". Quaternary Research. 64 (2): 113–124. Bibcode:2005QuRes..64..113M. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2005.05.003.
^Pérez-Crespo, Víctor Adrián; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín; Guzmán, Ana Fabiola; Morales-Puente, Pedro; Cienfuegos-Alvarado, Edith; Otero, Francisco J. (2020-01-09). "ISOTOPIC PALEOECOLOGY OF A TOXODONT (MIXOTOXODON LARENSIS) FROM MICHOACAN, MEXICO". The Southwestern Naturalist. 64 (1): 63. doi:10.1894/0038-4909-64-1-63. ISSN 0038-4909.
Toxodontidae is an extinct family of notoungulate mammals, known from the Oligocene to the Holocene (11,000 BP) of South America, with one genus, Mixotoxodon...
genera, Billet in 2011 concluded that Homalodotheriidae, Leontiniidae, Toxodontidae, Interatheriidae, Mesotheriidae, and Hegetotheriidae are the only monophyletic...
member of the family Toxodontidae, which includes medium to large sized herbivores. Toxodon was one of the largest members of Toxodontidae and Notoungulata...
("mixture Toxodon") is an extinct genus of notoungulate of the family Toxodontidae inhabiting South America, Central America and parts of southern North...
Mesotherium, has its last records around 220,000 years ago, leaving Toxodontidae as the sole family of notoungulates to persist into the Late Pleistocene...
This is a list of South American animals extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11...
Xenorhinotherium Proterotheriidae Neolicaphrium recens Order Notoungulata Toxodontidae Piauhytherium (Some authors regard this taxon as synonym of Trigodonops)...
is an extinct genus of herbivorous notoungulate mammal of the family Toxodontidae. It lived during the Late Pleistocene; fossils have been found in Brazil...
Candela, A. M. (2024). "First record of Posnanskytherium (Notoungulata, Toxodontidae) in the late Neogene of eastern Puna, Argentina". Journal of Mammalian...
Family †Isotemnidae Family †Leontiniidae Family †Notohippidae Family †Toxodontidae Family †Homalodotheriidae Suborder †Typotheria Family †Archaeopithecidae...
G. I.; Pérez-Garcia, M. I.; Perea, D.; Ribeiro, A. M. (2022). "A new Toxodontidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from the Upper Pliocene-Lower Pleistocene of...
Pérez-Garcia, M.I.; Perea, D.; Ribeiro, A.M. (23 February 2022). "A new Toxodontidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from the Upper Pliocene-Lower Pleistocene of...
is an extinct monotypic genus of notoungulate belonging to the family Toxodontidae. It lived from the Pliocene to the Early Pleistocene in what is now southern...
above. These characteristics are somewhat similar to those found in Toxodontidae, such as Adinotherium and Nesodon. However, its incisors had roots and...
Leontiniidae Genus Scarrittia Family Notohippidae Genus Rhynchippus Family Toxodontidae Genus Adinotherium Genus Toxodon Genus Trigodon Genus Mixotoxodon Genus...
Trigodon is an extinct genus of the family Toxodontidae, a large bodied notoungulate which inhabited South America during the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene...
Adinotherium (meaning "not terrible beast") is an extinct genus of Toxodontidae, large bodied hoofed ungulates which inhabited South America during the...
Mesotheriidae; Flynn et al considered it, in 2005, as a member of the Toxodontidae instead of the Mesotheriinae. Flynn, J.J.; Croft, D.A.; Charrier, R.;...
by Owen (1846). It was assigned to Toxodontidae by Carroll (1988). It was an early member of the family Toxodontidae, which included the well-known Pleistocene...
Palyeidodon is an extinct genus of mammal belonging to the family Toxodontidae, from the Miocene of Argentina. It contains the single species Palyeidodon...
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