Toe pecking, an abnormal behaviour of birds in captivity, occurs when one bird pecks the toes of another using its beak. This behaviour has been reported in hens[1][2] and ostriches.[3] Studies have shown that hens exposed to toe pecking have significantly enlarged adrenal glands, indicating increased physiological stress. Hens exposed to toe pecking will step off a raised platform more quickly than control hens, possibly suggesting a heightened fear of elevation.[4] They have also been reported to show depressive behaviour (retreating to corner of the pen, not eating and losing weight) when afflicted by toe-pecking.[4] The act of toe pecking leads to open wounds which are viable for infection and disease to develop. In severe forms, toe pecking can be classified as a cannibalistic behaviour and has been reported as a cause of mortality.[5]
^Leonard, Marty L.; Horn, Andrew G.; Fairfull, R.Wayne (April 1995). "Correlates and consequences of allopecking in White Leghorn chickens". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 43 (1): 17–26. doi:10.1016/0168-1591(94)00551-O.
^Buitenhuis, AJ; Rodenburg, TB; Siwek, M; Cornelissen, SJ; Nieuwland, MG; Crooijmans, RP; Groenen, MA; Koene, P; Bovenhuis, H; van der Poel, JJ (November 2003). "Identification of quantitative trait loci for receiving pecks in young and adult laying hens". Poultry Science. 82 (11): 1661–7. doi:10.1093/ps/82.11.1661. PMID 14653459.
^Bubier N.E., Deeming, C. and Ayres L.L. (1996). Behaviour of ostrich chicks in captivity: An analysis of time budgets. British Poultry Science, 37 (supplement): S13-S14
^ abKrause, E. Tobias; Petow, Stefanie; Kjaer, J (2011-04-01). "A note on the physiological and behavioural consequences of cannibalistic toe pecking in laying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus)". Archiv für Geflügelkunde. 75: 140–143.
^Craig, J.V.; Lee, H.-Y. (January 1990). "Beak trimming and genetic stock effects on behavior and mortality from cannibalism in White Leghorn-type pullets". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 25 (1–2): 107–123. doi:10.1016/0168-1591(90)90074-N.
Toepecking, an abnormal behaviour of birds in captivity, occurs when one bird pecks the toes of another using its beak. This behaviour has been reported...
Pecking is the action of a bird using their beak to search for food or otherwise investigate an object or area by tapping it. Pecking can also be used...
repeatedly pecks the feathers of another. Toepecking is a similar occurrence in commercialized hens which includes repeatedly pecking the toes of another...
Tail chasing; an animal chasing its own tail in circles. Toepecking; one bird pecking the toes of another. Trichotillomania; an animal pulling out its...
Vent pecking is an abnormal behaviour of birds performed primarily by commercial egg-laying hens. It is characterised by pecking damage to the cloaca...
in animals Poultry farming Toepecking Vent pecking Huber-Eicher, B. and Sebo, F. 2001. The prevalence of feather pecking and development in commercial...
vulnerable to predation. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. Most prefer to run or walk over flying. They have...
going into the brain. The pecking also causes the woodpecker's skull to heat up, which is part of the reason why they often peck in short bursts with brief...
omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips...
omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips...
omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips...
omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips...
omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips...
omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips...
omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips...
omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips...
omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips...
omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips...
omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips...
omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips...
omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips...
the case of huaraches—the woven leather footwear seen in Mexico, and peep-toe pumps), the common understanding is that a sandal leaves all or most of the...
omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips...
omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips...
omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips...
omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips...
omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips...
omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips...
omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips...
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