The Toarcian extinction event, also called the Pliensbachian-Toarcian extinction event,[1][2] the Early Toarcian mass extinction,[3] the Early Toarcian palaeoenvironmental crisis,[4] or the Jenkyns Event,[5][6][7] was an extinction event that occurred during the early part of the Toarcian age, approximately 183 million years ago, during the Early Jurassic. The extinction event had two main pulses,[4] the first being the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary event (PTo-E).[8] The second, larger pulse, the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (TOAE), was a global oceanic anoxic event,[9] representing possibly the most extreme case of widespread ocean deoxygenation in the entire Phanerozoic eon.[10] In addition to the PTo-E and TOAE, there were multiple other, smaller extinction pulses within this span of time.[8]
Occurring during the supergreenhouse climate of the Early Toarcian Thermal Maximum (ETTM),[11] the Early Toarcian extinction was associated with large igneous province volcanism,[12] which elevated global temperatures,[11] acidified the oceans,[13] and prompted the development of anoxia,[14] leading to severe biodiversity loss.[15] The biogeochemical crisis is documented by a high amplitude negative carbon isotope excursions,[16][17] as well as black shale deposition.[18]
^Cite error: The named reference MassOriginationVersusMassExtinction was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference PliensbachianToarcianExtinction was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference EarlyToarcianMassExtinction was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abCite error: The named reference SuanEtAl2008 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Kemp, David B.; Suan, Guillaume; Fantasia, Alicia; Jin, Simin; Chen, Wenhan (August 2022). "Global organic carbon burial during the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event: Patterns and controls". Earth-Science Reviews. 231: 104086. Bibcode:2022ESRv..23104086K. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104086. S2CID 249693286. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
^Reolid, Matías; Mattioli, Emanuela; Duarte, Luís V.; Ruebsam, Wolfgang (2021-09-22). "The Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event: where do we stand?". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 514 (1): 1–11. Bibcode:2021GSLSP.514....1R. doi:10.1144/SP514-2021-74. ISSN 0305-8719. S2CID 238683028.
^Reolid, Matias; Mattioli, Emanuela; Duarte, Luis V.; Marok, Abbas (1 June 2020). "The Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event and the Jenkyns Event (IGCP-655 final report)". Episodes. 43 (2): 833–844. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020051. ISSN 0705-3797. S2CID 216195656.
^ abCite error: The named reference KrenckerEtAl2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference KempEtAl2022GPC was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Ullmann, Clemens Vinzenz; Thibault, Nicolas; Ruhl, Micha; Hesselbo, Stephen P.; Korte, Christoph (30 June 2014). "Effect of a Jurassic oceanic anoxic event on belemnite ecology and evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (28): 10073–10076. doi:10.1073/pnas.1320156111. PMC 4104856. PMID 24982187.
^ abScotese, Christopher R.; Song, Haijun; Mills, Benjamin J.W.; van der Meer, Douwe G. (April 2021). "Phanerozoic paleotemperatures: The earth's changing climate during the last 540 million years". Earth-Science Reviews. 215: 103503. Bibcode:2021ESRv..21503503S. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103503. ISSN 0012-8252. S2CID 233579194. Archived from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2023. Alt URL
^Cite error: The named reference SynchronyEarlyJurassicExtinctionOAE was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference BoronEvidenceOfOceanAcid was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference XiaMansour2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference ”JenkynsDinosaurs” was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Them, T.R.; Gill, B.C.; Caruthers, A.H.; Gröcke, D.R.; Tulsky, E.T.; Martindale, R.C.; Poulton, T.P.; Smith, P.L. (February 2017). "High-resolution carbon isotope records of the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (Early Jurassic) from North America and implications for the global drivers of the Toarcian carbon cycle". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 459: 118–126. Bibcode:2017E&PSL.459..118T. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.11.021.
^Ros-Franch, Sonia; Echevarría, Javier; Damborenea, Susana E.; Manceñido, Miguel O.; Jenkyns, Hugh C.; Al-Suwaidi, Aisha; Hesselbo, Stephen P.; Riccardi, Alberto C. (1 July 2019). "Population response during an Oceanic Anoxic Event: The case of Posidonotis (Bivalvia) from the Lower Jurassic of the Neuquén Basin, Argentina". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 525: 57–67. Bibcode:2019PPP...525...57R. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.04.009. hdl:11336/128130. S2CID 146525666. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
^Cite error: The named reference BeaujolaisBlackShales was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
and 23 Related for: Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event information
event had two main pulses, the first being the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary event (PTo-E). The second, larger pulse, the ToarcianOceanicAnoxic Event...
(early Toarcian) and Cretaceous (early Aptian and Cenomanian–Turonian) oceanicanoxicevents, indicating that a causal link is feasible. Oceanicanoxic events...
million years ago and is marked by the ToarcianOceanicAnoxicEvent, a global episode of oceanic anoxia, ocean acidification, and elevated global temperatures...
Extinction Event, the ToarcianOceanicAnoxicEvent, the Cenomanian-Turonian OceanicAnoxicEvent, the Cretaceous-Palaeogene Extinction Event, and the Palaeocene-Eocene...
associated organic matter, associated with extincions such as the ToarcianOceanicAnoxicEvent. The black shales characteristic of this unit reveal a shallow...
Phillipe (April 2018). "Organic facies variability during the ToarcianOceanicAnoxicEvent record of the Grands Causses and Quercy basins (southern France)"...
section is likely Toarcian or close in age, maybe even recovering terrestrial deposits coeval with the ToarcianOceanicAnoxicEvent. This last age asignation...
the largest extinctions of the Jurassic Period, alongside the ToarcianOceanicAnoxicEvent (TOAE) in the Early Jurassic. The Tithonian extinction has not...
evidence suggests that the deep ocean remained anoxic and ferruginous as late as 580 Ma, well after the Great Oxygenation Event, remaining just short of euxenic...
theory is the changes in the oxygen level, where the different anoxicevents of the Toarcian left oxygen-depleted bottom waters, with the biota dying and...
upwelling of poorly oxygenated waters within ocean basins into shallow waters rather than a global oceanicanoxicevent that intruded into epicontinental seas...
2011). "A global perturbation to the sulfur cycle during the ToarcianOceanicAnoxicEvent". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 312 (3–4): 484–496. Bibcode:2011E&PSL...
more reasonable if the anoxicevent coincided with the end of glaciation, as supported by most other studies. However, oceanic models argue that marine...
Paul L. Smith (2000). "Synchrony between Early Jurassic extinction, oceanicanoxicevent, and the Karoo-Ferrar flood basalt volcanism". Geology. 28 (8): 747–750...
sedimentary expression of the early ToarcianOceanicAnoxicEvent: new stratigraphic records from the Tethys Ocean". Scientific Drilling. 26 (4): 17–27...
biostratigraphy and occurrence in the context of the early ToarcianOceanicAnoxicEvent". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology...
2021). "Brittlestar diversity at the dawn of the Jenkyns Event (early ToarcianOceanicAnoxicEvent): new microfossils from the Dudelange drill core, Luxembourg"...
Heimhofer, Ulrich; Kabiri, Lahcen; Immenhauser, Adrian (September 2015). "Toarcian extreme warmth led to tropical cyclone intensification". Earth and Planetary...