Effect on the Earth's climate from slow orbital changes
Orbital forcing is the effect on climate of slow changes in the tilt of the Earth's axis and shape of the Earth's orbit around the Sun (see Milankovitch cycles). These orbital changes modify the total amount of sunlight reaching the Earth by up to 25% at mid-latitudes (from 400 to 500 W/(m2) at latitudes of 60 degrees)[citation needed]. In this context, the term "forcing" signifies a physical process that affects the Earth's climate.
This mechanism is believed to be responsible for the timing of the ice age cycles. A strict application of the Milankovitch theory does not allow the prediction of a "sudden" ice age (sudden being anything under a century or two), since the fastest orbital period is about 20,000 years. The timing of past glacial periods coincides very well with the predictions of the Milankovitch theory, and these effects can be calculated into the future.
Milankovitch cycles are also associated with environmental change during greenhouse periods of Earth's climatic history. Changes in lacustrine sediments corresponding to the timeframes of periodic orbital cycles have been interpreted as evidence of orbital forcing on climate during greenhouse periods like the Early Palaeogene.[1] Notably, Milankovitch cycles have been theorised to be important modulators of biogeochemical cycles during oceanic anoxic events, including the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event,[2] the Mid-Cenomanian Event,[3] and the Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event.[4][5]
^Shi, Juye; Jin, Zhijun; Liu, Quanyou; Huang, Zhenkai; Hao, Yunqing (1 August 2018). "Terrestrial sedimentary responses to astronomically forced climate changes during the Early Paleogene in the Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 502: 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.01.006. S2CID 134068136. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
^Kemp, David B.; Coe, Angela L.; Cohen, Anthony S.; Weedon, Graham P. (1 November 2011). "Astronomical forcing and chronology of the early Toarcian (Early Jurassic) oceanic anoxic event in Yorkshire, UK". Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology. 26 (4): 1–17. doi:10.1029/2011PA002122. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
^Coccioni, Rodolfo; Galeotti, Simone (15 January 2003). "The mid-Cenomanian Event: prelude to OAE 2". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 190: 427–440. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00617-X. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
^Mitchell, Ross N.; Bice, David M.; Montanari, Alessandro; Cleaveland, Laura C.; Christianson, Keith T.; Coccioni, Rodolfo; Hinnov, Linda A. (1 March 2008). "Oceanic anoxic cycles? Orbital prelude to the Bonarelli Level (OAE 2)". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 267 (1–2): 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.11.026. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
^Kuhnt, Wolfgang; Holbourn, Ann E.; Beil, Sebastian; Aquit, Mohamed; Krawczyk, Tim; Flögel, Sascha; Chellai, El Hassane; Jabour, Haddou (11 August 2017). "Unraveling the onset of Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 in an extended sediment archive from the Tarfaya-Laayoune Basin, Morocco". Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology. 32 (8): 923–946. doi:10.1002/2017PA003146. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
Orbitalforcing is the effect on climate of slow changes in the tilt of the Earth's axis and shape of the Earth's orbit around the Sun (see Milankovitch...
distribution of solar radiation at the Earth's surface, and that this orbitalforcing strongly influenced the Earth's climatic patterns. The Earth's rotation...
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the Orbital Monsoon Hypothesis assumes that there is an instantaneous response by the climate system to changes in insolation from orbitalforcing. However...
changes in the ocean circulation, variations in Earth's orbit and axial tilt (orbitalforcing), inherent variability in global climate, and decreases...
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Earth's radius). Objects in orbits that pass through this zone, even if they have an apogee further out or are sub-orbital, are carefully tracked since...
ice sheets experienced cyclical growth and retreat in response to orbitalforcing and other climate drivers. Other evidence indicates significant cooling...
land use change are external forcings. Orbitalforcing is also an external forcing as the insolation changes with orbital parameters eccentricity, tilt...
astrodynamics, the orbital eccentricity of an astronomical object is a dimensionless parameter that determines the amount by which its orbit around another...
intensification during the Middle Holocene, around 6,000 years ago, due to orbitalforcing made more intense by the fact that the Sahara at the time was much...
orbit at an altitude of 20,200 kilometers (12,600 mi) with an orbital period of almost 12 hours. Geosynchronous orbit (GSO) and geostationary orbit (GEO)...
3481H. doi:10.1029/2001GL012943. Sloan, L. C.; Morrill, C. (1998). "Orbitalforcing and Eocene continental temperatures". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology...
4π2R3 = T2GM and V2R = GM, where R is the radius of orbit in metres; T, the orbital period in seconds; V, the orbital speed in m/s; G, the gravitational constant...
{v^{2}}{r}}\,={\omega ^{2}}{r}} where: v {\displaystyle v\,} is orbital velocity of orbiting body, r {\displaystyle r\,} is radius of the circle ω {\displaystyle...
thunderstorms, the Intertropical Convergence Zone.[citation needed] However, orbitalforcing would predict maximum climate response several thousand years earlier...
detectable gravitational waves. Orbital decay is caused by one or more mechanisms which absorb energy from the orbital motion, such as fluid friction,...
irradiance (the solar constant). Solar irradiance is responsible for the orbitalforcing that causes the Milankovitch cycles, which determine Earthly glacial...
axis the orbital period does not depend on the eccentricity (See also: Kepler's third law). Under standard assumptions, the specific orbital energy (...
gravitation. Orbital mechanics is a core discipline within space-mission design and control. Celestial mechanics treats more broadly the orbital dynamics...
called climate forcings or "forcing mechanisms". These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations...
problem of orbital mechanics. Although a Lagrange point is just a point in empty space, its peculiar characteristic is that it can be orbited by a Lissajous...
(April 2023). "Synchrony of carbon cycle fluctuations, volcanism and orbitalforcing during the Early Cretaceous". Earth-Science Reviews. 239. Bibcode:2023ESRv...
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