The Tichitt Culture,[1][2][3] or Tichitt Tradition,[4][5][6][7][8][9] was created by proto-Mande peoples.[10] In 4000 BCE, the start of sophisticated social structure (e.g., trade of cattle as valued assets) developed among herders amid the Pastoral Period of the Sahara.[11] Saharan pastoral culture (e.g., fields of tumuli, lustrous stone rings, axes) was intricate.[12] By 1800 BCE, Saharan pastoral culture expanded throughout the Saharan and Sahelian regions.[11] The initial stages of sophisticated social structure among Saharan herders served as the segue for the development of sophisticated hierarchies found in African settlements, such as Dhar Tichitt.[11] After migrating from the Central Sahara, proto-Mande peoples established their civilization in the Tichitt region[10] of the Western Sahara.[8] The Tichitt Tradition of eastern Mauritania dates from 2200 BCE[1][13] to 200 BCE.[14][15]
Tichitt culture, at Dhar Néma, Dhar Tagant, Dhar Tichitt, and Dhar Walata, included a four-tiered hierarchical social structure, farming of cereals, metallurgy, numerous funerary tombs, and a rock art tradition.[3] At Dhar Tichitt and Dhar Walata, pearl millet may have also been independently domesticated amid the Neolithic.[16] Dhar Tichitt, which includes Dakhlet el Atrouss, may have served as the primary regional center for the multi-tiered hierarchical social structure of the Tichitt Tradition,[9] and the Malian Lakes Region, which includes Tondidarou, may have served as a second regional center of the Tichitt Tradition.[17] The settlements of Dhar Tichitt consisted of multiple stone-walled compounds containing houses and granaries/"storage facilities", sometimes with street layouts.[13][18] Additionally, around some settlements, larger stone common "circumvallation walls" were built, suggesting that "special purpose groups" cooperated as a result of decisions "enforced for the benefit of the community as a whole."[13][18] The urban[8] Tichitt Tradition may have been the earliest large-scale, complexly organized society in West Africa,[6] and an early civilization of the Sahara,[1][10] which may have served as the segue for state formation in West Africa.[12] Consequently, state-based urbanism in the Middle Niger and the Ghana Empire developed between 450 CE and 700 CE.[6]
^ abcCite error: The named reference McDougall was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Maley, Jean; Vernet, Robert (July 2015). "Populations and Climatic Evolution in North Tropical Africa from the End of the Neolithic to the Dawn of the Modern Era". African Archaeological Review. 32 (2): 215–216. doi:10.1007/S10437-015-9190-Y. ISSN 0263-0338. JSTOR 43916734. OCLC 5858363395. S2CID 163024833.
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^ abcAbd-El-Moniem, Hamdi Abbas Ahmed (May 2005). A New Recording of Mauritanian Rock Art(PDF). University of London. p. 210. OCLC 500051500. S2CID 130112115.
^ abcBrass, Michael (June 2019). "The Emergence of Mobile Pastoral Elites during the Middle to Late Holocene in the Sahara". Journal of African Archaeology. 17 (1): 3. doi:10.1163/21915784-20190003. OCLC 8197260980. S2CID 198759644.
^ abBrass, Michael (2007). "Reconsidering the emergence of social complexity in early Saharan pastoral societies, 5000 – 2500 B.C." Sahara (Segrate, Italy). 18. Sahara (Segrate): 7–22. ISSN 1120-5679. OCLC 6923202386. PMC 3786551. PMID 24089595. S2CID 13912749.
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^ abHoll, Augustin (1985). "Background to the Ghana Empire: archaeological investigations on the transition to statehood in the Dhar Tichitt region (Mauritania)". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 4 (2): 108. doi:10.1016/0278-4165(85)90005-4.
The TichittCulture, or Tichitt Tradition, was created by proto-Mande peoples. In 4000 BCE, the start of sophisticated social structure (e.g., trade of...
area. Tichittculture includes Dhar Tichitt, Dhar Walata, Dhar Néma, and Dhar Tagant, and possibly sites from the Malian Lakes Region. Dhar Tichitt, which...
Sahara The Tichitt Tradition of eastern Mauritania dates from 2200 BCE to 200 BCE. Tichittculture, at Dhar Néma, Dhar Tagant, Dhar Tichitt, and Dhar Walata...
textiles, beads, and slaves. The Tichittculture developed in 2200 BCE and lasted until around 200 BCE. The Nok culture developed in 1500 BCE and vanished...
ownership of property, via cattle wealth, may have been part of the Tichittculture. Planned, level streets spanned several hundred kilometers among the...
of the Tichittculture in southeastern Mauritania may have also made domestic architectural and ceramic contributions to the Garamantian culture, possibly...
constructed. The Tichitt Tradition of eastern Mauritania dates from 2200 BC to 200 BC. Within the settled areas of TichittCulture (e.g., Dhar Tichitt, Dhar Tagant...
Munson excavated at Dhar Tichitt (a site associated with the ancestors of the Soninke), which clearly reflected a complex culture that was present by 1600...
with the architectural structures of the Tichittculture. The Malian Lakes Region and the Mauritanian Tichitt cultural region bear strong geographic resemblance...
whose children were in political competition with one another. In Tichittculture, households may have been used by extended families or polygamous families...
metallurgy developed in ancient West African civilizations, such as Tichittculture and Nok culture. Following the flourishing of Iron Age West African civilizations...
Archaeological cultures identified with phases of Indo-Aryan material culture include the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture, the Gandhara grave culture, the black...
site of Dia, also in Mali along the Niger River, from around 900 BC. Dhar Tichitt and Oualata were prominent among the early urban centres, dated to 2000...
more centralized states and civilizations to form, beginning with Dhar Tichitt that began in 1600 B.C. followed by Djenné-Djenno beginning in 300 B.C...
contain objects belonging to different cultures of the Mauritanian society. Polished shale tools Tichittculture Epigraphic shale plate from Koumbi Saleh...
people who inhabited Etruria in ancient Italy, with a common language and culture who formed a federation of city-states. After conquering adjacent lands...
Empire, Greek culture came to be foundational to Western culture in general. The Byzantine Empire inherited Classical Greek-Hellenistic culture directly,...
modern-day Mauritania started making pottery and built stone settlements (e.g., Tichitt, Oualata). Fishing, using bone-tipped harpoons, became a major activity...
S2CID 231883210. MacDonald, K.C. (April 2011). "Betwixt Tichitt and the IND: the pottery of the Faita Facies, Tichitt Tradition". Azania: Archaeological Research...
whose ancestors were ancient Berbers and Saharan pastoralists. At Dhar Tichitt, there is Neolithic rock art that depicts a human figure with a link in...
Munson excavated at Dhar Tichitt (a site associated with the ancestors of the Soninke), which clearly reflected a complex culture that was present by 1600...
states from roots in preceding local ancestral Soninke cultures such as that of Dhar Tichitt, rather than from North Africa or the Middle East. The early...
A cradle of civilization is a location and a culture where civilization was developed independent of other civilizations in other locations. The formation...
evidence includes finds at Birimi in West Africa with the earliest at Dhar Tichitt in Mauritania. Pearl millet was domesticated in the Sahel region of West...
traditions played a major role in the descendant Babylonian and Assyrian culture, and the region would remain an important cultural center, even under its...
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