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The Tibetan sovereignty debate refers to two political debates. The first political debate is about whether or not the various territories which are within the People's Republic of China (PRC) that are claimed as political Tibet should separate themselves from China and become a new sovereign state. Many of the points in this political debate rest on the points which are within the second historical debate, about whether Tibet was independent or subordinate to China during certain periods of its recent history.
It is generally believed that China and Tibet were independent[1] prior to the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368),[2] and Tibet has been governed by the People's Republic of China (PRC) since 1959.[3]
The nature of Tibet's relationship with China in the intervening period is a matter of debate:
The PRC asserts that Tibet has been a part of China since the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.[4]
The Republic of China (ROC) asserted that "Tibet was then definitely placed under the sovereignty of China" when the Qing dynasty (1644–1912) ended the brief Nepalese invasion (1788–1792) of parts of Tibet in c. 1793.[5]
The Tibetan Government in Exile asserts that Tibet was an independent state until the PRC invaded Tibet in 1949/1950.[6][7]
Most outside scholars maintain that Tibet and China were ruled by the Mongols during the Yuan dynasty, treating Tibet and China as separate realms under a common rule;[8] that Tibet was independent during the Han-led Ming dynasty (1368–1644);[9] and that Tibet was ruled by China,[10] or at the very least subordinate to the Manchu-led Qing dynasty[11] during much of the Qing dynasty.[12]
Most outside scholars maintain that Tibet was independent from c. 1912 to 1951,[13] but with limited international recognition.[14]
^"China was only a part of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, it was neither the authority nor the inheritor of the dynasty". Central Tibetan Administration. November 8, 2019. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
^Wang & Nyima 1997, p. 20; Sperling 2004, p. 21
^Sperling 2004, p. 17; Shakya 1999, p. 90; Latourette 1964, p. 419; Spence 1999, p. 500
^Wang & Nyima 1997, p. 20; Grunfeld 1996, p. 256; Sperling 2004, p. 10
^Sperling 2004, pp. 6, 7; Goldstein 1989, p. 72. Both cite the ROC's position paper at the 1914 Simla Conference.
^Sperling 2004, p. 21
^"Five Point Peace Plan". The Dalai Lama. 21 September 1987. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
^Feigon 1996, p. 58; Gernet 1972, pp. 369, 384 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGernet1972 (help); Goldstein 1997, pp. 3, 4
^Goldstein 1997, pp. 4, 5; Feigon 1996, pp. 63–64
^Latourette 1964, p. 253 "an appendage of". Gernet 1972, p. 481 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGernet1972 (help) "part of". Goldstein 1989, p. 44 "subordination of Tibet to China".
^Sperling 2004, pp. 27–29
^Feigon 1996, pp. 86, 88, 90 in contrast, claims that the Qing had little control over Tibet and compares Tibet with the Vatican.
^Shakya 1999, p. 4 "independent state", Shakya 1999, p. 90 "international legal status" was "independent state". Feigon 1996, p. 119 "border between the two countries" of China and Tibet in 1917. Goldstein 1997, pp. 30-37, Chapter titled "Interlude: De Facto Independence"; Latourette 1964, p. 333 "practically independent" from 1912, 419 "accepted the suzerainty of the Communists" in 1951.
^Bajoria, Jayshree. "The Question of Tibet". www.cfr.org. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
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