Global InformationThird International Theory information
Third International Theory نظرية عالمية ثالثة | |
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| Ideology | Arab nationalism[1] Nasserism[2] Anti-imperialism[1] Islamism[1] Pan-Arabism (until the 1990s)[3][4] Pan-Africanism (since the 1990s)[5][6] Islamic socialism[7] African nationalism[7] Left-wing populism[8][9] Direct democracy[7] Non-alignment[10] Anti-Zionism |
| Political position | Left-wing |
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The Third International Theory (Arabic: نظرية عالمية ثالثة), also known as Third Universal Theory and Gaddafism, was the style of government proposed by Muammar Gaddafi on 15 April 1973 in his Zuwara speech,[11] on which his government, the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, was officially based. It combined elements of Arab nationalism, Nasserism,[12] Anti-imperialism, Islamic socialism, left-wing populism[13][14] African nationalism, Pan-Arabism,[15] and it was partly influenced by the principles of direct democracy.[7] The theory also contained elements of Islamic fundamentalism, as Gaddafi argued that Muslims needed to return to God and the Qur'an and rejected formal interpretation of the Qur'an as blasphemy.[1] However, Gaddafi's regime has been described as Islamist, rather than fundamentalist, as Gaddafi opposed Salafism and many Islamic fundamentalists were imprisoned during his rule.[16]
It has similarities with the system of Yugoslav socialist self-management in Titoist Yugoslavia during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s as developed by Edvard Kardelj.[7] It was also inspired in part by the "Little Red Book" of Mao Zedong and the Three Worlds Theory.[17] It was proposed by Gaddafi as an alternative to capitalism and Marxism–Leninism for Third World countries, based on the stated belief that both of these ideologies had been proven invalid.[1]
The Higher Council for National Guidance was created to disseminate and implement this theory, and it found partial realization in Libya, a self-proclaimed utopian model state.[18] The fall of Gaddafi and his death in 2011 led to the disestablishment of his system and its replacement by the National Transitional Council.
- ^ a b c d e John, Ronald Bruce St (15 March 2023). Historical Dictionary of Libya. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 356–358. ISBN 978-1-5381-5742-8.
- ^ Campbell, Horace (15 August 2013). NATO's Failure in Libya: Lessons for Africa. African Books Collective. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7983-0370-5.
- ^ https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2045328_2045333_2053164,00.html
- ^ Studies, American University (Washington, D. C. ) Foreign Area (1979). Libya, a Country Study. Department of Defense], Department of the Army. pp. 203–205.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2045328_2045333_2053164,00.html
- ^ https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/african-intellectuals-remember-late-muammar-gaddafi-as-pan-african/2397444#
- ^ a b c d e Iveković, Ivan (3 April 2009). "Libijska džamahirija između prošlosti i sadašnjosti - 1. Dio" [Libyan Jamahiriya between past and present - Part 1]. H-Alter - Udruga za medijsku kulturu (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
- ^ https://therealnews.com/aahmida0315pt2
- ^ https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/digital_humanities_all/29/
- ^ Campbell, Horace (15 August 2013). NATO's Failure in Libya: Lessons for Africa. African Books Collective. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7983-0370-5.
- ^ Vandewalle, Dirk (1991). "Qadhafi's "Perestroika": Economic and Political Liberalization in Libya". Middle East Journal. 45 (2): 216–231. ISSN 0026-3141. JSTOR 4328274.
- ^ Campbell, Horace (15 August 2013). NATO's Failure in Libya: Lessons for Africa. African Books Collective. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7983-0370-5.
- ^ https://therealnews.com/aahmida0315pt2
- ^ https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/digital_humanities_all/29/
- ^ Studies, American University (Washington, D. C. ) Foreign Area (1979). Libya, a Country Study. Department of Defense], Department of the Army. pp. 203–205.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/human-rights-worse-after-gaddafi
- ^ Harris 1986, p. 58.
- ^ Hjärpe, Jan (1 August 1976). "Religion and ideology: Mu'ammar al-Kadhdhafi, Islam and the "Third International Theory"". Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis. 9: 56–71. doi:10.30674/scripta.67108. ISSN 2343-4937. Retrieved 25 December 2021.