Figure 1:[1] Thermal sensors are available in various sizes
Thermopile laser sensors (Fig 1) are used for measuring laser power from a few μW to several W (see section 2.4).[2] The incoming radiation of the laser is converted into heat energy at the surface.[3] This heat input produces a temperature gradient across the sensor. Making use of the thermoelectric effect a voltage is generated by this temperature gradient. Since the voltage is directly proportional to the incoming radiation, it can be directly related to the irradiation power (see section 2.1).
Unlike photodiodes, thermopile sensors can be used for a broad spectrum of wavelengths ranging from UV to MIR (depending on the characteristics of the absorption coating at different wavelengths).[4][5] Further, photodiodes are reverse biased and saturate for optical powers above a certain value (typically in mW),[6] making thermopile sensors suitable for high power measurements.[2]
Pyroelectric sensor and calorimeter are commonly used for measuring the energy of laser pulses.[7] Pyroelectric sensor can measure low to medium energies (mJ to J) and are prone to microphonic effects.[7] Calorimeters are capable of measuring high energies (mJ to kJ) but have large response times.[7]
^"gRAY Sensors".
^ ab"Product Specification C-Series". Thorlabs. 6 May 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
^"Working Principle". gRAY. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
^Bashar, Dr. Shabir A. (7 May 2016). "Study of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) for Novel Optoelectronic Devices". Retrieved 7 May 2016.
^"Throlabs C-Series Power Meter". 6 May 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
^J. Weidner (2009). Integrated Optoelectronics 4, Issue 41. The Electrochemical Society. ISBN 9781566777223.
^ abc"Comparison of pyroelectric and thermopile", Norbert Neumann, Victor Banta, Infra Tec GmbH, Gostritzer Str.61-61, 01217 Dresden, Germany and Dexter Research Center, Inc., 7300 Huron River Drive, Dexter; MI 48130, USA
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1016/S1389-1723(01)80326-1. "Microbial Treatment of Food-Production Waste with Thermopile Enzyme-Producing Bacterial Flora from a Giant Panda". Sciencelinks.jp...
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