Ploughing with a 14th-century two-handled mouldboard plough such as the poem describes.[1]
"Y Llafurwr", known in English as "The Ploughman" or "The Labourer", is a poem in the form of a cywydd by the 14th-century Welsh poet Iolo Goch. Often compared with William Langland's Middle English Piers Plowman, it presents a sympathetic portrayal of the meek and godly ploughman; no other Welsh bardic poem takes an ordinary working man as its subject.[2][3] It has been called the most notable of Iolo's poems,[4] comparable with the finest works of Dafydd ap Gwilym,[5] and its popularity in the Middle Ages can be judged from the fact that it survives in seventy-five manuscripts.[6] It is included in The Oxford Book of Welsh Verse.[7]
^"Farming equipment". Guto'r Glyn.net. University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies. Retrieved 4 December 2022. The object described by Iolo Goch was an unrestricted plough of the angular-swivel type with two handles and a mould-board...It was a common type of plough in the fourteenth century and its characteristic features are noted in contemporary manorial records and contemporary Welsh literature
^Johnston, Dafydd (2019). "The aftermath of 1282: Dafydd ap Gwilym and his contemporaries". In Evans, Geraint; Fulton, Helen (eds.). The Cambridge History of Welsh Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 124. ISBN 9781107106765. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
^Jones 2015, p. 5.
^Stephens, Meic, ed. (1986). The Oxford Companion to the Literature of Wales. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 285. ISBN 9780192115867. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
^Bromwich 1979, p. 147.
^Breeze 1993, p. 143.
^Parry, Thomas, ed. (1983) [1962]. The Oxford Book of Welsh Verse. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 87–89. ISBN 9780198121299. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
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